翻译技巧

Techniques in Translation

 Fawcett (1997:34-41), 8 skills: borrowing, calque仿词法, literal translation, transposition调换法,

modulation, reformulation, adaptation, compensation

 钟述孔(1980:50-111)《英汉翻译手册》, 8种：subordination分清主从, diction选词用字, amplification增益法, omission省略法, conversion转换法, inversion词序调整, negation正说反译、反说正译, division拆译法。

 许渊冲（1990）《外国语》，11种：加词、减词、换词、移词、分译、合译、深化（具体化）、浅化（抽象化、等化（灵活对等）、一分为四、合四为一。

 侯国金（1998：144-149），9类：linear translation顺译法, literal translation直译法, conversion词类转译法, amplification增译法，repetition重复法，omission省译法，positive-negative switch正说反译法，division分句译法，combination合句译法。

 许建平（2003）《英汉互译实践与技巧》，8类：diction选词用字（词汇翻译8法：deduction, transplant,

extension, substitution, explanation, combination, transliteration, pictographic translation）, amplification增益法, omission省略法, conversion转换法, restructuring, active-passive voice, affirmative & negative肯定与否定, long sentences (embedding, cutting, reversing, splitting, inserting, recasting)

 张培基等(1980)《英汉翻译教程》，13类：词义的选择、引申和褒贬，词类转译法，增词法，重复法，省略法，正反、反正表达法，分句、合句法，被动句的译法，从句的译法（名词从句、定语从句、状语从句），长句的译法，习语的译法，拟声词译法，外来词语吸收法。

 冯庆华（1997）《实用翻译教程》（英汉互译），5类：语义翻译（选义、选词、灵活性、多样性、直译与意译），词法翻译（对等译法、具体译法、抽象译法、增词译法、省词译法、合词译法、转性译法、换形译法、褒贬译法），句法翻译（换序译法、断句译法、转句译法、合句译法、缩句译法、转态译法、正反译法），成语翻译（四字格成语、谚语、惯用语、歇后语、俚语），修辞格翻译（直译法、意译法、弥补法）。

 Subordination分清主从：在英译汉时，英语中的主从结构很清楚，汉译时往往都用平行的分句表达，所以也应看重主从关系的表达。

从

Non-essential

Manner

Condition

Background information

Negative part

主

Essential

Action

Result

Judgment

Affirmative part

e.g.:

1. Honest advice, though unpleasant to the ear, induces good conduct. 忠言逆耳利于行。

2. Taught by mistakes and setbacks, we have become wiser and handle our affairs better.

错误和挫折教训了我们，使我们比较聪明起来了，我们的事情就办得比较好一些。

3. Every living thing is a unique combination of the tiny pieces of matter called genes that carry

information from parents to off-spring. 每一个生物都是由一些叫做基因的物质独特组合而成的，基因则是一种将遗传信息由父辈传给子辈的微小物质。

4. Some heat escapes and is lost, however carefully boiler casings and steam pipes are sealed.

无论锅炉的壳体和蒸汽管怎样仔细地密封，总有一些热要漏出来，损失掉。

5. 中国解放区成为配合同盟国作战，驱逐日本侵略者，解放中国人民的主要力量。

The liberated areas have become the main force driving out the Japanese aggressors and liberating

the Chinese people in military co-operation with the Allied countries.

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6. 中国是一块肥肉，谁都想吃。China is an attractive piece of meat coveted by all.

 diction选词用字choice of word （准确理解词义）

1. 根据上下文辨词义。

2. 论褒贬，即要注意同义词之间有不同的语体色彩、使用范围及程度。任何语言都有语体之分，有高雅的、通俗的、粗野 的，还有俚语、公文用语及术语等。文学作品中，作家通过不同的语体来刻画人物的性格特征，更是常用的方法。翻译时，必须审其雅俗，量其轻重，这样，才能恰如其分地表达原文的精神。(1) 词义有轻重的不同: 如surprise, marvel, amaze, astonish, astound, stun, shock, awe；(2)词义有范围大小和侧重面的不同,如agriculture，farming，cultivation，agronomy等；(3)词义有感情色彩(如憎恶、蔑视、讽刺、诅咒、尊敬、亲昵等等)和语体色彩(如庄严、高雅、古朴、俚语、方言词语、公文用语、委婉词等等)的不同，如“死”有很多委婉说法，to pass away 与世长辞，to close (end) one's day 寿终正寝，to breathe

one's last 断气，to go west 归西天，to pay the debt of nature 了结尘缘，to depart to the world of shadows 命归黄泉，to give up the ghost 见阎王，to kick the bucket 翘辫子。

3. 看搭配。任何一种语言，在长期使用的过程中，会形成一种固定的词组或常见的搭配。这些比较固定的说法，有时可以译成另一种语言，有时则不行。翻译时，必须注意英汉两种语言中词的不同搭配。如：heavy crops 丰收，heavy news 令人悲痛的消息，heavy road 泥泞的路，heavy sea 波涛汹涌的海洋，heavy

heart 忧伤的心，heavy reader 沉闷冗长的读物。

1. “SHORT”

"I have a short memory," she says. 她说："我的记忆力不好。"

Usually a hero’s life is short but brilliant. 通常英雄的一生是短暂而光荣的。

He complained that the notice was too short. 他埋怨通知太仓促了。

Indeed he was a short temper. 他确实是个急性子。

They were short of experience. 他们缺乏经验。

We were caught short by the sudden storm. 我们被一切突如其来的风暴弄得狼狈不堪。

The box-office receipts fell short of the manager's expectations. 票房收入未达到经理的期望。

It’s illegal to sell a commodity short. 以空头方式卖商品是违法的。

Short of yelling at him, I had no other way to catch his attention.

除了大声向他喊叫，我真想不出还有什么办法能引起他的注意。

2. “TAKE”

He took the crown in horseracing. 在赛马中他获得了冠军。

Our team took the visitors three to one. 我们队以三比一击败客队。

Your actions took me by surprise. 你的行动着实让我吃了一惊。

She was taken by the puppy. 她被那只小狗迷往了。

She took the position of chair of the committee. 她担任了该委员会主席一职。

We took extra time to do the job properly. 我们花额外时间来把这顶工作做好。

I'll take your word. 我相信你的话。

The boat took a lot of water but remained afloat. 那艘船进了大量的水，却依然漂浮着。

May I take your smile as an indication of approval? 你的微笑表明你已经同意了吗?

You've really been taken. 你真的上当了。

3. I’m deeply convinced that sustained economic growth in Asia looks promising.

亚洲经济持续增长的前景看好，我对此深信不疑。

4. In every Chinese city, we got into the streets, shops, parks, theatres and restaurants.

在中国，我们每到一个城市，就逛大街，进商店，游公园，上剧场，下饭馆。

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5. “老”--- OLD？

他是我们的老朋友。old

我们党的绝大多数老干部为社会树立了好榜样。veteran

这个黄瓜老了。overgrown

老没有见到你啊。For ages

她老早就动身了。Quite early

他干当人民的老黄牛。A willing ox

小丽是他家的老闺女。The youngest daughter

你以为我们矿还只是月产10万吨煤吗？老黄历了。Ancient history

 amplification增益法：supplying necessary words（尤其是关联词）

 Transitional words: 从语言性质上讲，英语属综合性语言，重形合，关联词用得多；而汉语则属于分析性语言，重意合，关联词用得少。所以英译汉时，许多关联词不需译；而汉译英时，往往要加关联词。

 并列关系：and, not only … but also, neither ... nor,

1) 我教他汉语，他教我英语。I teach him Chinese and he teaches me English.

2) 目前，农业科技在中国农业增产中的贡献率约为35%，世界上农业发达国家在60%以上。At sent, the contribution made by science and technology to agriculture accounts for

about 35 percent of the agricultural production increase, while it exceeds 60 percent in the

agriculturally advanced countries.

 连贯关系：and, and then, as soon as

1) The young man left, and Durbeyfield lay waiting on the grass in the evening sun. 小伙子走了。夕阳下，德贝菲尔躺在草地上等着。

2) 计算机刚一启动，就发现有病毒。Hardly had the computer started when viruses were

found.

 递进关系：but (also)，as ，and ...as well

1）我应该说一地同志这本回忆童年和旅游的散文集子，不但是青少年最好的读物，大人们也应当拿来看看。I must say that Yidi's book about his childhood and his travels is a best

choice for young people and should be read by adults as well.

 选择关系：表示“或此或彼、取此舍彼”的意义。

我们宁可把这项实验进行下去，也不愿放弃不做。We would rather go on with the

experiment than give it up.

 转折让步关系：英语常常只用一个连词或者副词

1）虽然时代不同，我想历史古迹总该依旧吧。Times are different, but the historic sites, I

assume, must have remained the same.

2） 我的文章就像一个丑八怪，不打扮，看起来倒还顺眼些。Though my writing resembles

an ugly monster, it actually looks a little better without any embellishment.

 假设关系 : if, even if

例1) 下雨或阴天回戏，不响锣就不给钱，是那时的规矩。If a performance was cancelled

because of bad weather, the rule in those days was: No show, no pay.

例2) 合营者的注册资本如果转让必须经合营各方同意。If any of the joint venturers wish

to assign its registered capital, it must obtain the consent of the other parties to the venture.

 条件关系：if，unless，as/so long as，if only；no matter how/what，however/whatever例1) 你只有经过最大的努力，才会取得成功。You will only succeed if you do your best.

例2) 他下定决心，不管碰到什么困难都要坚持做这项工作。He was determined to hold on

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to this job whatever difficulties he might run into.

 因果关系

例1) 那对年轻夫妇当时非常穷，买不起价钱如此昂贵的彩电。The young couple were so

poor that they could not afford such an expensive color TV set.

例2) 中国拥有丰富的物质财富和精神财富，因而注定要在国际事务中发挥决定性的作用。China, which abounds in material and spiritual recourses, is destined to play a decisive

role in international affairs.

 目的关系：so that, in order that, in case, lest, so as not to, in order not to

例1) 他每天去上班之前总是仔细地检查车胎，以防路上漏气。He looks out the tyres

carefully before going to work every day lest they should go flat on the way.

例2) 自行车要放在存车处，以免影响交通。Bicycles should be left at parking lots so as not

to block the traffic.

 叠词的增加：

 Happily高高兴兴地，joyfully愉愉快快地, check it检查检查

He always looked cheerful even in defeat.高高兴兴

She hustled about putting the room in order.急急忙忙

He hoped for a secure old age.平平安安

The fugitive desired for a comfortable bath. 舒舒服服

 量词的增加：

 An apple 一个苹果，a table一张桌子，a fish一条鱼，a house一栋房子，a room 一间屋子，a guest一位客人，a bridge 一座桥

 a computer, a tree, a mountain, a pond, a spring, a stream, a flower, etc.

 Which do you like better, grammar or translation exercises?

They have done for the state far more than we have.

From recorded time, man has been fascinated with music and the hardware of sound reproduction.

Practically every river has an upper, a middle and a lower part.



 omission省略法：英语中的一些词在汉译时常常省略，被省略的词常见的有代词、连接词、冠词和介词等，偶尔也省略实词。

1. The average American changes his or her job nine or ten times during his or her working life.

2. They have courage and do not give in easily.

3. Please allow me to make a brief report on some new measures China has decided to take in order to

deepen the reform of the system and structure of China’s higher education.

4. Smoking is prohibited in public places.

5. 我们要培养分析问题、解决问题的能力。

6. 我提前完成了任务，他也提前完成了任务。

 conversion转换法：由于英汉两种语言的差异，英语中的一些词类在汉译时，需转换成汉语的另一类词，以便句子读起来更自然顺口，符合汉语习惯。 英语中的名词和介词转成动词的比较多。

１. The Chinese Vice-Premier declared his country’s firm support for the African people's resistance to foreign

aggressor troops.

这位中国副总理宣布，他的国家坚决支持非洲人民抵抗外国侵略军的斗争。（名词转换为动词）

２. They were ready to do any work, under any conditions, that would keep them alive.

他们什么活都愿意干，不讲条件，只要不让他们锇死就行。 （介词短语转换为动宾结构）

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３. With unemployment high, the dollar low and the stock market in distress, the economy will be the

President’s trial.

由于失业率增高，美元币值下跌，股票市场处于困境之中，经济问题将是总统所面临的最严峻的考验。

（英语中形容词转化为汉语中的动词，介词短语转换为动词）

４. We tried to build the firm foundations for a modern industrial society based on faster expansion and

higher real wagers and better living standards.

我们曾经试图建立以加速发展，提高实际工资，改善生活水平为出发点的现代工业化社会的基础。

5. Insulin is used in the treatment of diabetes.

6. This issue is of paramount importance.

7. Rationing by points is over and rationing by the purse is in.

8. 量词的转换：

A piece of string, a piece of cake /bread /land, a piece of furniture, a piece of paper /sheet, a piece of the

action, a piece of advice, a piece of chalk, a piece of news, a piece of painting, a piece of water, a piece of work

 inversion词序调整法：由于英汉两种语言的差异，词序的安排要变动。汉语先时间后地点，英语先事件，后时间和地点。汉语多排比，英语有倒装。在汉语中，定语修饰语和状语修饰语往往位于被修饰语之前；在英语中，许多修饰语常常位于被修饰语之后，因此翻译时往往要把原文的语序颠倒过来。倒置法通常用于英译汉, 即对英语长句按照汉语的习惯表达法进行前后调换，按意群或进行全部倒置，原则是使汉语译句安排符合现代汉语论理叙事的一般逻辑顺序。有时倒置法也用于汉译英

１.All that she could find was her red shoes. 她所能找到的，只是她的红鞋子而已。

２. I happened to meet her on my way to Shanghai last month. 上个月我在去上海的途中碰巧遇见了她。

３. The conference has given full expression to democracy; the atmosphere has been lively and the

delegates have enjoyed ease of mind.

这次大会充分发扬了民主；大家心情舒畅，生动活泼。

４. This factory has a staff of 500 people, including 200 men-workers, 250 women-workers, and 48 cadres

and functionaries.

这个工厂有男工２００人、女工２５０人、干部职员４８人，共有职工五百人。

5. At this moment, through the wonder of telecommunications, more people are seeing and hearing what we

say than on any other occasions in the whole history of the world.

此时此刻，通过现代通信手段的奇迹，看到和听到我们讲话的人比整个世界历史上任何其他这样的场合都要多。（部分倒置）

6. This is the finest weather that I have ever seen this month. 这是这个月我所看到的最好的天气。

7. Misers are often lonely and obscure men whose wealth is revealed only after their death. 吝啬鬼经常是看起来年很孤单、不为人所注意，可他们的财富只有等到他们死了以后才暴露出来。

8. We need a chairman, in whom everyone has confidence. 我们需要一个人人都信赖的主席。

9. The worldly well-known actor , who had been ill for two years, meet thunderstorm applause when

reappeared on the stage. 那个病了很多年的著名演员，一上台观众就报以雷鸣般的掌声。

10. Piccaso, whose works inspired many artists, lived until he was a ripe old age. 毕加索的作品曾鼓励了很多人，后来年纪很大时，作品也日趋成熟。

negation正说反译、反说正译法：这两种方法通常用于汉译英，偶尔也用于英译汉。所谓正译，是指把句子按照与汉语相同的语序或表达方式译成英语。所谓反译则是指把句子按照与汉语相反的语序或表达方式

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译成英语。正译与反译常常具有同义的效果，但反译往往更符合英语的思维方式和表达习惯。如：riot police防暴警察（即anti-riot police，而不是暴乱的警察），crisis law反危机法案（即anti-crisis law）。



１. The world today is far from peaceful. 今天的世界还很不安宁。

２. He said, "My delegation has a completely open mind." 他说：“本代表团完全没有成见。"

３. Fight no battle unprepared. 不打无准备之仗。

４. Africa is not kicking out Western imperialism in order to invite other new masters.

非洲踢出西方帝国主义并不是为了请进其它新的主子。

5. 在美国，人人都能买到枪。

In the United States, everyone can buy a gun. (正译)

In the United States, guns are available to everyone. (反译)

6. Don’t hesitate to consult me if you need further information.

7. Sidney Simon called the college grading system “archaic, prescientific, bureaucratic invention”, and

“about as accurate as police estimates of crowds of peace marches.“西德尼·西蒙称这种大学评级制度“是过时的，缺乏科学验证”，而且还是“官僚主义的产物”而且“简直同警察估计和平示威人数一样不准确。”

8. This sort of situation highlights a critical weakness in the ANC leadership: accountability. 这种情况突出了非国大领导层方面极为严重的弱点，即玩忽职守（无责任心）。

9. In fact, the willingness to experiment is one of the most striking features, and it seems to be rooted in

confidence rather than security. 实际上，乐于进行试验是最显著的特点之一。它来源于信心，而不是出于不稳定感。

 division拆分法：英语中的长句，可以根据以上谈到的几种翻译技巧，把它们拆成几个短句译出。因为汉语中短句更常见。有时唯有这样做，才能既忠于原文，又读起来顺口，不会有佶屈聱牙之感。分析长句要注意三个要点： １. 作者用意。２. 原文的逻辑性。３. 多个修饰语之间的语法关系。长句有时可有多种译法，着重点各有所不同。但这已不是初学者讨论的范围了，故不多述。

１. Thus it happened that when the new factories that were springing up required labour, tens of thousands of

homeless and hungry agricultural workers, with their wives and children, were forced into the cities in search of

work, under any condition, that would keep them alive.

于是，就出现这样的情况：正当新办的工厂纷纷成立，需要劳动力的时候，成千上万无家可归、饥肠辘辘的从事农业的劳动者，携妻带儿，被迫流入城市；他们要找活儿干，不管什么活儿，不讲什么条件，只要不让他们饿死就行。

２. The Civil War, lasting four years and costing at least a million lives, civilian and military, was the most

extensive war ever fought on the soil of the New World, a war that proved to the planters in a revolutionary way

that human beings in America could no longer be bought or sold, worked and killed at will to serve the profit of

parasitic landowners.

美国的南北战争历时四年之久，夺去了至少一百万军民的生命，是在新大陆进行的规模最大的一次战争。这场战争以革命的方式使种植园主认识到：在美国，再也不能为了寄生的土地所有者的利益而把人们任意买卖、任意驱使、任意杀害了。

 包孕法：这种方法多用于英译汉。所谓包孕是指在把英语长句译成汉语时，把英语后置成分按照汉语的正常语序放在中心词之前，使修饰成分在汉语句中形成前置包孕。但修饰成分不宜过长，否则会形成拖沓或造成汉语句子成分在连接上的纠葛。

1. You are the representative of a country and of a continent to which China feels particularly close.

您是一位来自于使中国倍感亲切的国家和大洲的代表。

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 插入法：指把难以处理的句子成分用破折号、括号或前后逗号插入译句中。这种方法主要用于笔译中。偶尔也用于口译中，即用同位语、插入语或定语从句来处理一些解释性成分。

1. 如果说宣布收回香港就会像夫人说的"带来灾难性的影响"，那我们要勇敢地面对这个灾难，做出决策。 If the announcement of the recovery of Hong Kong would bring about, as Madam put it,

"disastrous effects," we will face that disaster squarely and make a new policy decision.



 重组法：指在进行英译汉时，为了使译文流畅和更符合汉语叙事论理的习惯，在捋清英语长句的结构、弄懂英语原意的基础上，彻底摆脱原文语序和句子形式，对句子进行重新组合。

Decision must be made very rapidly; physical endurance is tested as much as perception, because an

enormous amount of time must be spent making certain that the key figures act on the basis of the same

information and purpose.

必须把大量时间花在确保关键人物均根据同一情报和目的行事，而这一切对身体的耐力和思维能力都是一大考验。因此，一旦考虑成熟，决策者就应迅速做出决策。

 综合法：是指单用某种翻译技巧无法译出时，着眼篇章，以逻辑分析为基础，同时使用转换法、倒置法、增译法、省译法。

This is the place where the accident occurred. 这就是发生交通事故的地方。

The person who delivered the letter to him is his neighbor. 他的邻居把信交给了他。

Most of our patients welcomed another human being with whom they could talk openly, honestly, and

frankly about their trouble. 大多数病人想找人坦率、诚实地倾诉他们的苦衷。

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