英语翻译

2.1.3 Functions of an abstract (p30)

An abstract serves an important function in a research report. It communicates the scope of your paper and the

topics discussed to your reader. In doing so, it facilitates research. Abstract help scientists to locate materials that

are relevant to their research from among published papers. and many times scientists will only read a paper’s

abstract in order to determine whether the paper will be relevant to them. Considering your audience and their

needs will help you to determine what should be included in your abstract.

在一份研究报告里摘要提供了一个重要的功能。它向你的读者传达了你论文的范围和讨论的主题。这样做,它促进研究。摘要帮助科学家从发表的论文中找到与他们研究相关的材料。并且科学家会很多遍的只读一篇论文的文摘为了确定是否将与他们的研究有关。考虑到你的读者和他们的需求将会帮助你决定什么应该包括在你的摘要里。

2.3.1 An informative abstract（p34)

An informative abstract acts as a report in miniature, encapsulating the whole paper. It summarizes the key

information from every major section in the body of the report, and provides the key facts and conclusions from

the body of the report. A good way to develop an informative abstract is to devote a sentence or two to each of the

major parts of the report. If space permits, you can provide contextual information such as background of the

problem and the significance of the research, but you can also omit contextual information because the abstract is

not supposed to serve as an introduction to the subject matter of the report----your introduction will serve that role.

You should, however, include key numerical facts to make the informative abstract brief and readers will not be

surprised to see key data in an informative abstract.

2.3.1 信息性摘要正式记录一篇报告的缩影,概括整篇论文。它概述了文章主体的主要部分的关键信息,并提供报告主体的关键的论据和结论。写信息摘要的一个好方法是提取报告每个主要部分的一个或两个句子。如果空间允许,您可以提供上下文信息,如问题的背景和研究的意义,但是你也可以忽略上下文信息,因为摘要不应作为文章主要内容的介绍—你的引言将要担当这一角色。然而,你应该包括关键数值情况使信息性摘要简洁并且读者不会惊讶于在信息性摘要中看到关键数据。

2. 3. 2 An indicative abstract（p35)

An indicative abstract (sometimes called descriptive abstract) merely includes information about the purpose,

scope and methods used to arrive at the findings contained in the original function of indicative

abstract is to help readers understand the general nature and scope of the research article. An indicative abstract

indicates the subject and main findings of the paper but it does not go into a detailed step-by-step account of the

process involved. It is brief and concise, from which readers can decide if they should continue to read the entire

paper. This type of abstract is often used in writing theoretical papers, commentary articles, and in some

circumstances, conference proceedings.

2.3.2一个指示性文摘

一篇指示性摘要(有时称为描述性文摘)仅仅包括包含在原始的文件中的关于目的,范围和获得结果所使用的方法的信息。指示性摘要的作用是帮助读者理解研究文章的一般性质和范围。一篇指示性摘要指明论文的主题和主要发现但它不进入详细的一步一步的过程。它是简洁的、简短的,通过摘要读者可以决定是否应该继续阅读整篇文章。经常使用这种类型的摘要经常用于书写理论论文,评论文章,并且在某些情况下,用于会议记录。

P40

Put simply，abstracts and summaries are similar-they both represent abbreviated forms of longer works

and occasionally the terms are used interchangeably-but they are not identical. Abstracts which frequently

accompany journal articles and technical reports condense the document to give readers essential information

about research purpose, methods, results, conclusions and recommendations. Most abstracts are a single

paragraph，and seldom more than one page. By contrast, summaries are thorough though usually longer than

abstracts. They are less concerned with condensing the document than with emphasizing results, conclusion and

recommendations. Independent or executive summaries precede document, concluding summaries end a

document.

简而言之,摘要和概要是相似的--它们都代长篇文章的简短（缩写）形式和偶尔的术语用于交换--但是它们不是完全相同的。摘要经常伴随着期刊论文和技术报告的压缩文档来提供读者关于研究的目的,方法,结果,结论和建议等基本信息。大部分摘要是简单句，很少超过一页。相比之下概要是周密的，通常比摘要长。概要不太关心压缩文章而更强调结果,结论和建议。摘要是在文章之前的一个独立的执行的概述，总结是结束一个文章。

2. 6. 6 Other consideration (p43)

An abstract must be a fully self-contained, capsule description of the paper . It can't assume(or attempt to provoke )

the reader into flipping through looking for an explanation of what is meant by some vague statement. It must

make sense all by itself . Some points to consider include: Meet the word count limitation. If your abstract runs too

Long, either it will be rejected or someone will take a chainsaw to it to get it dawn to size. Your purposes will be

better served by doing the difficult task of cutting yourself , rather than leaving it to someone else who might be

more interested in meeting size restrictions than in representing your efforts in the best possible manner.

2．6．6其他考虑

一篇摘要必须是一个完全独立的,论文的压缩描述。它不能假设(或试图假设)读者在翻阅寻找一个陈述含糊不清的解释。它本身必须是有意义的。一些重点需要考虑，包括:满足字数限制。如果你的摘要太长,它将被驳回或有人会采取措施来缩短它的长度。逼着自己做艰巨的任务更好地服务于你的目的,而不是让其别人对满足规模的限制比对你用可能的方式展现你的努力更感兴趣。

(P47)

Of the various types of documents, scientists and engineers take greatest pride in writing research papers for

publication in journals，which keep scientists and engineers up to date on what is going on in their professions. The

writer has information the reader needs: what was found , how it was found，what the. findings mean. Good

scientists and engineers are as interested in the quality of their writing as they are in other aspects of their work.

They know that technical effort counts for little of the written reports of that work do not convey information

adequately.

在各种类型的文档中,科学家和工程师以将所写的研究论文发表在期刊上为最大的骄傲,这让他们知道最近在他们的专业中将会发生什么。作者有读者需要的信息:发现了什么,它是如何被发现的,这个发现意味着什么？好的科学家和工程师对其他方面的工作和对写作的质量一样感兴趣,。他们知道不能充分传递信息的工作对书面报告的技术支持是无足轻重的。

(p51)

The key to an effective research paper is integrating the research into the body of the paper. This is also the

most difficult part of writing the paper. The research should support and lend credence to your conclusions, but it

should not dominate the paper. Much of the writing should be your own ideas that are supported by research.

Transitional words and phrases should be used to connect your thoughts to the references. If that's not done，the

writing will be stilted and contrived; the paper will be choppy, and coherence will be lost. Remember that the

research paper is like all other formal essays, and all of the rules of good writing apply. The paper should have an

introduction, a body and a conclusion. It should be focused and fully developed.

一个有效研究论文的关键在于整合研究的主体。这也是写文章最困难的部分。研究应该支持和验证了你的结论,但不应该占主导地位。文章应该有很多研究所支持的自己的想法。应该使用过渡词和短语作为参考连接你的想法。如果不这样做,文章会比较生硬、做作，会被认为是抄袭还会失去连贯性。记住,研究论文就像所有其他正式的论文,好的写作规则一样适用。文章应该介绍主题和结论，它应该被关注和充分发展。

3. 2 The Introduction section(p53)

It is widely recognized that writing introductions is slow,difficult, and troublesome for both native

speakers as well as nonnative speakers. A very long time ago, the Greek philosopher Plato remarked, The

beginning is half of the whole.” Indeed, eventually producing a good Introduction section always seems

like a battle hard won.

3.2引言部分

人们普遍认为：写引言，对说母语以及说外来语言的人来说都是很慢、很困难、麻烦的。很长时间以前,希腊哲学家柏拉图说过,“好的开始是成功的一半。”的确,最终写出一个好的引言部分似乎像是一场无情的战争。

3. 3. 2 Move 2 Reviewing previous work (p59)

In contrast to other types of introductions，research paper introductions aimed at specialists include technical

details and a short review of previous work on the topic. Articles aimed at specialists may begin with an

introduction based on either a long-form or a short-form problem statement. The problem or research question is

normally the topic or one aspect of a research which can't be possible without the research work and giants’contribution. Therefore，citations of their

research are necessary. The reasons are stated as follows:

3.3 .2 步骤2回顾以前的工作

相对于其他类型的介绍，研究论文，旨在介绍

在专家包括技术细节和对以前的工作简短评论

话题。文章针对专家的基础上无论是与介绍可能开始

长形式或短形式的问题陈述。问题或研究的问题是

通常的话题或研究，可不可能没有的一个方面

以前的研究工作和巨人的贡献。因此，他们引用

研究是必要的。究其原因说明如下：

(p75)

Summaries of the statistical analyses may appear either in the text(usually parenthetically) or in the relevant

Tables or Figures (in the legend or as footnotes to the Table or Figure). The Results section should be organized

around a series of Tables and/or Figures sequenced to present your key findings in a logical order. The text of the

Results section follows this sequence and highlights the answers to the questions/hypotheses you investigated.

Important negative results should be reported, too. Authors usually write the text of the results section based upon

this sequence of Tables and Figures.

统计学的总结可能会出现在文本（通常同位语式的）或者相关表格和图表中（在图表中的图例或者脚注）。结果部分应以逻辑的顺序围绕一系列表和/或数据排序来呈现你的重要发现。结果的文本部分遵循这一序列以及突出你调查的问题的答案/假设。重要的负面结果也应报告。作者通常在结果部分写的文本是基于该序列表和数据的。

(p79)

Like many other aspects of writing，data commentaries are exercises in positioning yourself. There are，as a

result，both dangers and opportunities. One danger is to simply repeat in words what the data has expressed in

nonverbal form- in other words，to offer description rather than commentary. An opposite danger is to read too

much into the data and draw unjustified conclusions. The art of the matter is to find the right strength of claim for

the data and then order your statements in some appropriate way (such as from the more significant to the less

significant ).In most cases，this means moving in a general-specific direction.

像许多其他方面的写作，数据注释是定位自己的练习。结果充满危险和机会。危险之一是简单地重复单词的数据所表达的语言形式——换句话说,提供描述,而不是评论。相反的危险是过度解读数据,得出不合理的结论。处理这件事的艺术是找到合适的强度要求的数据,然后以某种适当的方式整理你的语句(如从更

重要的到不太重要的)。在大多数情况下,这意味着向同一个模式转变。

3. 5. 6 Qualifications and strength of claim (p83)

With any scientific process，there is no such ideal as total proof or total rejection，and researchers must, by

necessity, work upon probabilities. That means that，whatever level of proof was reached, there is still the

possibility that the results may be wrong. Therefore，writers need not only good judgment about data while

making highlight statements about data，but also good presentation of judgment. Thus，they have two requirements.

One is the need to be cautious-and sometimes

critical-about the data. As Skelton (1988) neatly observed，“It is important for students to learn to be confidently

uncertain.” The other requirement is to have the linguistic resources to express this caution. In ways of qualifying

or moderating a claim:

3.5.6资格和实力的说法

与任何科学过程,没有等理想总证明或总拒绝,和研究人员必须对概率的必要性、工作。这意味着,无论级别的证明了,还有可能性,结果可能是错误的。因此,作家不仅需要良好的判断数据同时强调对数据报表,但也有良好的表达的判断。因此,他们有两个要求。一个是需要cautious-and有时critical-about数据。斯凯尔顿(1988)巧妙地观察到,“重要的是让学生学会自信地不确定。“另一个要求是语言资源来表达这种谨慎。在排位赛或缓和的方法

索赔:

3. 6 The Discussion/ Conclusion section(p87)

The discussion and conclusion section is somehow the counterpart of the introduction. The function of the

Discussion is to interpret your results in light of what was already known about the subject of the investigation，and to explain our new understanding of the problem after taking your results into consideration. Discussion

explains the implications of your results. It fits the results into the context of the field by relating your results to

other work .both theoretical and experimental. Along with the Introduction，it explains why your work is important,

how it contributes to the advancement of the field. You want to avoid introducing new ideas here or discussing

tangential issues not directly related to the exploration and discovery of your thesis. It is critical that the Discussion

be done carefully and thoroughly. As Robert Day has noted:

3.6 讨论结论部分

讨论和结论部分是莫名其妙的对口介绍。讨论的功能是解释你的结果在光什么是已经知道了调查对象，并解释我们问题把你的结果考虑后有了新的认识。讨论解释你的结果的影响。它适合的结果进现场由有关结果其他工作内容。理论和实验。随着介绍，它解释了为什么你的工作是很重要的，它如何有助于该领域的进步。你要避免引入这里新的想法或讨论没有直接关系的探索切线问题并发现你的论文。至关重要的是，在讨论认真做，彻底。正如罗伯特·日所指出的：

(p100)

Writing a summary (or summarizing information) is a common way of integrating information into your

original work that requires care and attention to detail. By summarizing , an author reduces a text，concept, idea, or

data set to its most basic point or element without appropriating the language of the source. While you cannot

retain all the definition and detail of the original context of the information in a brief summary, effort to represent

the essential paint within its context is essential or you risk distortion of the original meaning.

写一个总结(或总结信息)是一种常见的方式将信息融合、集成到你的原创作品中,这需要细心和关注细节。在总结中，作者减少一个文本,概念,想法,或数据设置为最基本的点或没有占用的语言来源元素。虽然在一个简短的总结里你不能保留原文所有的定义和细节, 虽然你不能保留所有的定义和详细的原始上下文信息在一个简短的总结,努力代表文章基本内容的基本点或者文章原本意义失真风险。

4.1.3 A productive research skill(p101)

An active and efficient researcher may use summarizing as an effective way of building his

own repository 'of research literature that he can readily taps into. Writing a summary and '

a review following reading a research report can help the reader and potential researcher digest

the information of the source and develop insights into it, let alone. form a lasting memory of

it. Writing a summary helps a writer develop an understanding of the subject matter. Once that

understanding is developed the writer becomes up to date hopefully with current knowledge.

4.1.3 富有成效的研究技能

积极和有效的研究人员可能使用总结作为一个有效的方式构建自己的存储库的研究文献,他可以很容易利用。写一个总结和回顾后阅读研究报告可以帮助读者和潜在研究员消化信息的来源和发展见解。更不用说形成一个持久的记忆。写总结可以帮助开发一个作家对主题的理解。一旦理解了，作者希望能成为当前最新的知识。