Translation_skills_

Translation_skills_

Translation skills

在英译汉过程中，有些句子可以逐词对译，有些句子则由于英汉两种语言的表达方式不同，就不能用“一个萝卜一个坑”的方法来逐词对译。原文中有些词在译文中需要转换词类，才能使汉语译文通顺自然。词类转译的情况归纳起来有以下四种。

一、转译成动词

英语和汉语比较起来，汉语中动词用得比较多，这是一个特点，往往在英语句子中只用一个谓语动词，而在汉语中却可以几个动词或动词性结构连用。例如，在He admires the President's stated

decision to fight for the job. （他对总统声明为保住其职位而决心奋斗表示钦佩）中，英语

的谓语动词只有admires一个词，其他用的是过去分词（stated）、动词派生名词（decision）、不定式（to fight）和介词（for）等。汉语没有词形变化，但可以几个动词连用。因此，英语中不少词类（尤其是名词、介词、形容词和副词）在汉译时往往可以转译成动词。

（一）名词转译成动词

1. 由动词派生的名词转译成动词，在政论文体中出现比较多。如：

1） The 1967 UN document calls for the settlement of the

Middle East conflict on the basis of Israeli withdrawal from

occupied territories and Arab acknowledgement of Israeli's right

to exist. （1967年联合国文件要求在以色列撤出所占的土地以及阿拉伯承认以色列的生存权利的基础上来解决中东冲突。）

2） Rockets have found application for the exploration of the

universe. （火箭已经用来探索宇宙。）

2.含有动作意味的名词（在记叙、描写文体中出现较多）往往可以转译成动词。如：

1） The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with

special longing. （看到我们的喷气式飞机，听见隆隆的机声，令我特别神往。）

2） A glance through his office window offers a panoramic

view of the Washington Monument and the Lincoln Memorial.

（从他的办公室窗口可以一眼看到华盛顿纪念碑和林肯纪念馆的全景。）

3. 英语中有些加后缀-er的名词，如teacher教师，thinker思想家等等，有时在句中并不指其身份和职业，而是含有较强的动作意味，在汉语中没有恰当的对应名词时，往往可以译成动词。如：

1） I am afraid I can't teach you swimming. I think my little

brother is a better teacher than I. （我未必会教你游泳。我想我的小弟弟比我教得好。）

2） Talking with his son, the old man was the forgiver of the

young man's past wrong doings. （在和儿子谈话时，老人宽恕了年轻人过去所干的坏事。）

4. 作为习语主体的名词往往可以转译成动词，如：

1） They took a final look at Iron Mike, still intact in the

darkness.

他们最后看了铁麦克一眼——它依旧安然无恙地耸立在黑暗中。

2） The next news bulletin, shorter than usual, made no

mention of the demonstration.

下一个新闻节目比通常短，没有提到游行。

（二）介词转译成动词

1）"Coming!“Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path,

up the steps, ac ross the veranda, and into the porch.

"来啦！"她转身蹦着跳着地跑了，越过草地，跑上小径，跨上台阶，穿过凉台，进了门廊。

2） I barreled straight ahead, across the harbor and out over

the sea.

我笔直向前高速飞行，越过港口，飞临海面。

（三）形容词转译成动词

英语中表示知觉、情欲、欲望等心理状态的形容词，在系动词后作表语用时，往往可转译成动词。如：confident, certain, careful,

cautious, angry, sure, ignorant, afraid, doubtful, aware,

concerned, glad, delighted, sorry, ashamed, thankful, anxious等。

1） Doctors have said that they are not sure they can save

his life.

医生们说他们不敢肯定能否救得了他的命。

2） The fact that she was able to send a message was a hint.

But I had to be cautious.

她能够给我带个信儿这件事就是个暗示。但是我必须小心谨慎。

（四）副词转译成动词

1） That day he was up before sunrise.

那天他在日出以前就起来了。

2） She opened the window to let fresh air in.

她把窗子打开，让新鲜空气进来。

转译成名词

（一）英语中很多由名词派生的动词，以及由名词转用的动词，在汉语中往往不易找到相应的动词，这时可将其转译成汉语名词。

1. 名词派生的动词

1） Formality has always characterized their relationship.

他们之间的关系，有一个特点，就是以礼相待。

2） To them, he personified the absolute power.

在他们看来，他就是绝对权威的化身。

2. 名词转用的动词

1） Most U.S. spy satellites are designed to burn up in the

earth's atmosphere after completing their missions.

美国绝大多数间谍卫星，按其设计，是在完成使命后，在大气层中焚毁。

（二）有些英语被动式句子中的动词，可以译成"受（遭）

到……+名词"、"予（加）以+名词"这类结构。如：

Satellites, however, must be closely watched, for they are

constantly being tugged at by the gravitational attraction of the

sun, moon and earth. （由于经常受到太阳、月亮以及地球引力的影响，卫星活动必须加以密切的观察。）

（三）形容词转译成名词

1. 英语中有些形容词加上定冠词表示某一类的人，汉译时常译成名词。如：

1） They did their best to help the sick and the wounded.

他们尽了最大的努力帮助病号和伤员。

2） Robin Hood and his merry men hated the rich and loved

and protected the poor.

罗宾汉和他的伙伴们痛恨阔人，热爱并保护穷人。

2. 此外，根据情况还有些形容词可以译成名词。如：

1） Stevenson was eloquent and elegant——but soft.

史蒂文森有口才、有风度，但很软弱。

2） They were considered insincere.

他们被人认为是伪君子。

其他词类转译

（一）形容词与副词的互相转译

1. 英语名词译成汉语动词时，修饰该名词的形容词往往转译成汉语副词。如：

1） Occasionally a drizzle came down, and the intermittent

flashes of lightening made us turn apprehensive glances toward

Zero.

偶尔下一点毛毛雨，断断续续的闪电使得我们不时忧虑地朝着零区方向望去。

2） It was a clear and unemotional exposition of the

President's reasons for willing to begin a Chinese-American

dialogue.

这篇发言清楚明白、心平气和地说明了总统希望开始中美对话的原因。

2. 英语动词译成汉语名词时，修饰该动词的副词往往转译成形容词。如：

1） He routinely radioed another agent on the ground.

他跟另一个地勤人员进行了例行的无线电联络。

2） The President had prepared meticulously for his journey.

总统为这次出访作了十分周密的准备。

3. 由于英汉两种语言表达方式不同，还有一些英语形容词可译为汉语副词。如：

1） This is sheer nonsense. （这完全是胡说。）

2） Buckley was in a clear minority. （巴克利显然属于少数。）

3） By dialing the right number, you may be able to select a

play, golf lesson or lecture in physics, from a pretaped library in

a remote city, for showing on your home screen.

只要拨对了号码，你就可以在家里电视机上选看到有远方城市一座图书馆发出的预先录制的一出戏、一堂打高尔夫球的讲课，或者一次物理学演讲。

（二）名词与副词的互相转译

1. 名词转译成副词

1） When he catches a glimpse of a potential antagonist, his

instinct is to win him over with charm and humor.

只要一发现有可能反对他的人，他就本能地要用他的魅力和风趣将这人争取过来。

2） The new mayor earned some appreciation by the

courtesy of coming to visit the city poor.

新市长有礼貌地前来访问城市贫民，获得了他们的一些好感。

2. 副词转译成名词

1） They have not done so well ideologically, however, as

organizationally.

但是，他们的思想工作没有他们的组织工作做得好。

2） He is physically weak but mentally sound.

他身体虽弱，但思想健康。

六级翻译：增加、减少以及成倍的比较关系

在汉英翻译中，我们经常会遇到数量增加、减少的问题。然而英汉两种语言在倍数增减的表达上存在着很大差异，别说翻译了，就算是拿一篇现成的段落或文章来考考大家的阅读理解能力，也未必所有人都能准确理解文章内容。请读者试着翻译这个句子：

与去年同期相比，今年的出口总量增长了两倍。

译文：The total amount of the export has increased by three

times, compared to the same time last year.

分析：该句涉及数量的变化。今年出口总量增加了两倍，是说在去年总量的基础上再增加了两倍。那么，也就是说今年的总量应该已经增长到去年同期的三倍。所以by three times为正解。这

题前面讲过的了，加深一下印象。

1)表示陈述某个数量的句型。除最常用的系动词加数词之外，还可以用...go ，...as+adj. +as...，...has ，...等。

例1 快过年了，大白菜的价格已接近3元一斤。

译文：The New Year is coming, and the price of the cabbage

goes up to nearly 3 Yuan per kilogram.

2)表示数量比较和增减的句型。表示数量比较和增减的句型很多，大致包

括...as...as...，...as...，...数量词+as...as...，...as...as+数量词，...数量词+比较级

+，比较级+ by...，...数量词+the size(length，，...数量词+，...表增减的动词+by/

to/数量词。

例2 这种商店的价格是前一种商品的两倍。

译文：The price of this product is twice as much as that of

the previous one.

例3 小轿车车速比大货车快一倍。

译文：The car runs as fast again as the truck.

例4：这只桶能装那只桶三倍的水。

译文：This barrel can hold three times as much water as that

one.

例5 这家医院的缴费是一般医院的三至五倍。

译文：This hospital charges three to five times that of

ordinary ones.

例6 去年该工厂的产量下降到2003年的65%。

译文：The output of that factory last year fell to 65% of the

output in 2003.

3)特殊词语表示数量比较和增减。除了上面介绍的表示数量变化的句型之外，还有一些特殊的单词可以直接表示数量增减。这些单词通常用作形容词或动词，在句中充当表语或谓语。这些单词比使用某些句型来得更简洁，也比较容易掌握。

首先是以-ble和-ple结尾的表示倍数的词。这里介绍从"两倍"到"十倍"的英文表达，大家可以从中找出表述规律。

两倍double 三倍treble/ triple 四倍quadruple 五倍quintuple

六倍sextuple 七倍septuple 八倍octuple 九倍nonuple

十倍decuple

有读者或许会问："一倍"怎么说?如果说A的数量是B的一倍，那不就是A=B吗?即：A equals B。如果说A比B多一倍，也就等于A的数量是B的两倍，就要用double一词了。所以英文里一般不说...as

one 。但是有half as much again的说法，意为"一倍半"。

另外，英文里有一个很管用的后缀。当你想不起来倍数的表达的时候，不妨在数字后面加上它，准没错!它就是-- -fold。当然这个后缀是表示数量的增加。请大家用这些特殊数字表达法来翻译下列句子：

例7 预计下月我的工资会翻两翻。

译文：It's expected that my salary will triple next month.

例8 自1974年以来，计算机进口量增加了7倍。

译文：The number of computer imports has been septupled

since

例9 这个月水费开支是原来的四倍。

译文：The water rate quadrupled this month.

例10 过去五年中，我公司的销售额已增长至四倍。

译文：Sales in our company have increased up to four-fold in

the last five years.

例11 我买进这些邮票后他们的价格已经提高了三倍。

译文：The value of these stamps has multiplied three-fold

after I bought them.

英语中，尤其是科技英语中，会涉及到大量的数字表达。翻译数字不仅需要一定的翻译技巧，还要具备相关的专业知识，并根据原文的上下文所表达的意思判断，从中探求正确的译法。英语与

汉语里数字增减的表述都是有一定规律可循的。但是这样的句型和表达很多，因此考生要对这些句型逐个加以记忆以免错译。学会准确地表达数字，不仅适用于六级翻译新题型，也同样适用于六级作文题。尤其是图表作文对数字的描述要求非常高。

2009年12月大学英语四六级考试翻译习题精讲

来源：考试大 2009/8/18 【考试大：中国教育考试第一门户】模拟考场视频课程

六级汉译英讲义

一、汉译英应试原则和基本程序

(一)汉译英应试原则

手法灵活(如遇难译之处，换用其它相近说法表达)

语法正确(避免时态、语态、单复数等语法错误)

内容忠实(必须把原文的内容准确而完整地表达出来，不得有任何歪曲、遗漏或增删)

语言闪光(译文符合英语表达习惯，且用词准确、多样)

(二)汉译英基本程序

1.理解通读并透彻理解原文含义

2.翻译确定译文句子的时态、句型、结构和用词

3.审校首先检查译文是否正确地转述了原文内容，是否有错译和漏译;其次，检查是否有语言上的明显错误，如时态、语态、单复数、拼写、大小写、标点符号等。发现错误，及时改正。

二、汉译英专项练习

一、倍数增减的表示法

1) Force N1 _______________(比力N2大2.5倍).

2) This substance _______________(反应速度是另外那种物质的三倍).

3) The earth _______________(是月球大小的49倍).

4) The landlord _______________(想将租金提高三分之一).

5) They _______________(计划将投资增加一倍).

二、时态

1) Be quick, _______________(否则等我们到达教堂时婚礼就已经结束了).

2) When she got home, _______________(孩子们已经睡着了).

3) When I prepare for the college entrance examination,

_______________(我姐姐将在海边度假).

4) I_______________(一上午都在修改我的简历).

5) Do you often go on holiday? _______________(不，我已经有五年没有度假了).

6) He joined the army in October, 2001. _______________(他参军已五年了).

三、被动语态

1) The blackboard and chalk _______________(正在被电脑和投影机所取代).

2) The book _______________(到今年年底就将已出版).

3) Computer models _______________(可以用来演示细胞工作的

方式).

4) When the bill of fare was brought, _______________(我惊呆了，价格大大超出了我的预料).

5) _______________(必须立即采取有效措施)to eliminate sandy

storms.

四、情态动词

1) The phone is ringing, _______________(但是没人接听。她一定不在家).

2) I can’t find my sunglasses. _______________(我可能昨天落在咖啡店里了).

3) You screamed in your sleep last night. _______________(你一定梦见什么可怕的东西了).

4) It’s a pity. _______________(你本应该邀请她来参加你的毕业典礼的).

5) _______________(其实我没必要穿上我最好的套装去参加那次聚会的); most of the guests were wearing jeans and sweaters.

五、虚拟语气

1) I wish _______________(我年轻的时候有你们这样的机会).

2) If only _______________(他知道这病是可以治好的)! Then he

would not have killed himself.

3) —— Would you like him to paint your door with yellow

stars?

——I’ d rather he _______________(漆成蓝色的，而且不带任何装饰).

4) It’s high time that _______________(采取措施解决交通堵塞的问题).

5) Hugh usually talks _______________(仿佛在大会上发表演说似的).

6) We insist that _______________(让杰克立刻进医院).

7) It was advised that _______________(在居民区设立更多的流动

商店).

8) His proposal was that _______________(他们成立一个专门委员会来检查这个问题).

9) We are going to discuss his suggestion that

_______________(取消期中考试).

10) It is ridiculous that _______________(我们在一个总是下雨的国家还缺水).

11) It is essential that _______________(每个人都为紧急情况做好准备).

12) _______________(如果他按照我告诉他的办法订票), we would

have had quite a comfortable journey.

13) I was to have made a speech _______________(要不是有人把我的话打断了).

14) It didn’t rain last night. _______________(要是下了，地就会湿的).

15) _______________(如果我一直住在纽约), I would know the U.S.

well now.

16) If the doctor had not come in time, _______________(他现在就不在人间了).

17) But for his help, _______________(我们就不会以这么低的价格租到房子了).

18) I used my calculator; _______________(否则，我会花更长的时间才能算出这道题).

19) Were I in your place, _______________(我会毫不犹豫地抓住机会).

20) Had it not been for their opposition, _______________(这项法案早就通过了).

21) Should there be another world war, _______________(人类的继续存在就会有危险).

22) He walked lightly _______________(以免惊醒婴儿).

六、不定式

1) It was a great achievement _______________(10个月建成一栋24层的楼).

2) It is necessary _______________(我们在考试前好好地睡一晚上觉).

3) It is generous _______________(你把这么多钱捐给灾区人民).

4) The teacher decided _______________(不惩罚那些上课迟到的学生).

5) Mr. Green was wondering _______________ (是否去看望在法国的儿子).

6) The gardener _______________(刚才警告我不要在中午给花浇水).

7) We _______________(请他给我们做有关现代艺术的讲座).

8) He feels it challenging _______________(在这么大一所大学做学生会主席).

9) We hope to have more opportunities _______________(把我们在课堂上学到的东西应用于实践).

10) The bad weather _______________(破坏了我们在露天放电影的计划).

11) The environmentalists are against _______________(在郊区建一座核电站的决定).

12) Sally Ride was the first _______________(探索外部空间的美国妇女).

13) They lifted a rock _______________(结果砸了自己的脚).

14) He was surprised _______________(在这个山村遇见一个中学同学).

15) I am sorry _______________(占用了您这么多时间).

16) I happened _______________(在他冲进来的时候站在门口).

17) She doesn’t like _______________(被当作客人).

18) If you want to save money, you’ d better

_______________(到校园书店买旧书).

19) We did nothing _______________(除了整天打桥牌).

20) We were made _______________(进屋之前在垫子上擦擦脚).

七、分词

1) This is the first time that I heard _______________(用意大利语唱“祝你生日快乐”).

2) The cars _______________(停在消防通道的) will be ticketed.

3) The war went on for years, _______________(夺去了成千上万人的生命).

4) The farmers used a new insecticide, thus _______________(将平均产量提高了15%).

5) Einstein watched the toy in delight, _______________(想推导出它的运转原理).

6) _______________(看到大家都在聚精会神地看书), we stopped

talking and began to study.

7) _______________(被这个男孩的事迹深深打动了), they decided

to pay for his education.

8) _______________(从一个年轻朋友的眼光来看), Einstein was a

simple, modest and ordinary man.

9) _______________(好久没有收到父母的来信了), he was worried

about them.

八、动名词

1) _______________(每天洗冷水澡) does him a lot of good.

2) They tried to avoid _______________(让女儿做她不喜欢的事情).

3) Developing varieties is the key to _______________(使我们的产品进入国际市场).

4) It is no use _______________(为洒了的牛奶而哭泣).

5) He denied_______________(偷看了同桌的试卷).

6) We congratulated her on _______________(被提升为经理).

九、非谓语动词用法区别

1) Success means _______________(非常努力地工作).

2) John meant _______________(开车去那儿，但他的车出了故障).

3) I heard him _______________(在跟他的母亲谈话).

4) I heard him _______________(跟他的母亲谈了一个小时).

5) He jumped into the pool to save the child

_______________(结果却摔断了自己的腿).

6) He jumped from the burning house, _______________(摔断了双腿).

7) He was happy _______________(看到父母很健康).

8) _______________(看到父母安然无恙), he issued a sigh of relief.

9) _______________(跟随着它的脚印), the zoologists spotted the

hungry panda.

10) The pop, _______________(后面跟着两个保镖), came to meet

his fans.

十、名词从句

1) _______________(他们为什么离开家乡去云南) is still a secret.

2) _______________(最让我不解的) was that he spoke English so

well.

3) _______________(这么做是故意的) became obvious.

4) It is not clear yet _______________(谁应该为这件事负责).

5) It is none of your business _______________(玛丽与谁订婚).

6) Don’t put off till tomorrow _______________(今天能做的事).

7) This novel is just _______________(我一直在寻找的).

8) It is not yet known _______________(机器人是否有一天能拥有象人一样的视力).

9) _______________(她是否喜欢那个礼物) is not clear to me.

10) My main problem right now is _______________(我是否应该请求另一笔贷款).

11) It all depends on _______________(他们是否会支持我们).

12) You have yet to answer my question _______________(我是

否可以指望你的投票).

13) Finally, the workers got an answer _______________(政府做不了什么事来提高他们工资).

14) Obviously, there was little certainty _______________(主席会同意他的提议)

十一、定语从句

1) Everyday many tourists come to visit _______________(鲁迅出生的那栋房子).

2) The old lady died _______________(在她儿子到达的那天).

3) This is _______________(我赞成这一改革的理由).

4) Let ABC be _______________(一个三边不等长的三角形).

5) Some of the roads were flooded, _______________(这使我们的旅程更为艰难).

6) He introduced me to his students, _______________(他们大部分是英语专业的学生).

7) _______________(众所周知), water is a liquid.

十二、状语从句

1) _______________(不管我们谈论什么), Jim brings polities into

the discussion.

2) _______________(不管哪一方获胜), I shall be satisfied.

3) _______________(不管观众中的一些人如何使劲地难为他), the

comedian always had a quick, sharp reply.

4) We climbed high _______________(这样我们就可以看到更好的风景).

5) The problem so very complicated _______________(花了我们两个周才解决).

6) You can go out _______________(只要你答应晚上11点以前回来).

7) I remember the whole thing _______________(仿佛是昨天发生的).

十三、比较级最高级

1) Does she dance _______________(跟她姐姐一样地优美)?

2) The buildings look _______________(在伦敦比在这儿难看得多).

3) This is _______________(他画的最好的画之一).

4) The higher you climb, _______________(空气就越稀薄).

十四、倒装句

1) Scarcely had she fallen asleep _______________(一阵敲门声就把她吵醒).

2) No sooner had Anne arrived _______________(就生病了).

3) The husband was not hospitable to the visitor.

_______________(他妻子也没说一句欢迎的话).

4) Only then _______________(那个医生才意识到他的病人需要手术).

5) Only when you adjust down your price _______________(我们才能做成这笔买卖).

十五、强调句

1) _______________(正是Jefferson写下了)the Declaration of

Independence.

2) _______________(作者是带着真挚的情感)praises all that is

progressive.

3) _______________(正是因为水涨了)we could not cross the river.

4) _______________(人们听见正是Jim 这个无情的家伙) shouting

at his mother in the dead of night.

5) _______________(直到我告诉她) Mrs. Williams knew anything

about it.

一、倍数增减的表示法

1) is 2.5 times greater than Force N2

(考点：倍数 + 形容词/副词比较级 + than)

2) reacts three times as fast as the other one

(考点：倍数 + as + 形容词/副词 + as)

3) is 49 times the size of the moon

(考点：倍数 + 名词)

4) wants to raise the rent by a third

(考点：动词 + by + 数词/百分比/倍数)

5) plan to double their investment

(考点：double + 名词)

二、时态

1) or the wedding will have finished by the time we get to

the church

(考点：将来完成时)

2) the children had fallen asleep

(考点：过去完成时)

3) my sister will be taking her vacation at the seaside

(考点：将来进行时)

4) have been revising my resume all the morning

(考点：现在完成进行时)

5) No. It has been five years since I went on holiday

(考点：It has been … since sb. did sth. 表示某人有多长时间没有做某事了)

6) He has been in the army for 5 years

(考点：1. 现在完成时;2.要用持续性动词才能接一段时间)

三、被动语态

1) is being replaced by the computer and the projector

(考点：被动语态的现在进行时)

2) will have been published by the end of this year

(考点：被动语态的将来完成时)

3) can be used to demonstrate the way that cells work

(考点：1. 被动语态与情态动词联用; 2. 汉语有些没有“被”字等标志词的句子也表示被动, 要译成英语的被动语态)

4) I was startled, for the prices were a great deal higher than

I had anticipated

(考点：同“3”的考点2)

5) Effective measures must be taken immediately

(考点：汉语的无主句通常翻译成英语的被动语态)

四、情态动词

1) but there is no answer. She can’t be at home

(考点：情态动词可以表示可能性，can’t 表示“一定不”)

2) I may have left them in the coffee shop yesterday

(考点：“情态动词can/could, may/might, must + 完成式”用于表示对过去发生的动作的主观判断)

3) You must have dreamed of something terrible

(考点：同上)

4) You should have invited her to your graduation ceremony

(考点：“情态动词should/ought to + have done” 用于评论过去应该做而实际并未做的动作，含有批评的意思)

5) I needn’t have put on my best suit to go to the party

(考点：“情态动词needn’t + have + done”表示对过去发生的动作进行评论，认为“无须发生”，“不必做”)

五、虚拟语气

1) I had had your opportunities when I was young

(考点：I wish后的that从句中用过去完成式表示过去没有实现或不可能实现的愿望)

2) he had known this disease is curable

(考点：If only 引导的感叹句表示“但愿”或“要是……就好了”，用法与I wish…基本相同)

3) painted it blue, and without any decorations

(考点：would rather 后的that从句中用过去式表示不是事实)

4) measures were taken to solve the problem of traffic jams

(考点：It’s (about/high) time 后的that从句中用过去式，表示“该是……的时候了”)

5) as though he were delivering a speech at an assembly

(考点：as if / as though引导的从句中用过去式表示和现在事实相反或对现在情况有所怀疑)

6) Jack (should) be sent to hospital right now

(考点：表示“建议、命令、要求、想法”的动词所接的宾语从句通常用“(that) sb. (should) do”的虚拟形式)

7) more mobile shops (should) be set up in the residential

area

(考点：表示“建议、命令、要求、想法”的动词所接的主语从句通常用“(that) sb. (should) do”的虚拟形式)

8) they (should) set up a special board/committee to

examine this problem

(考点：表示“建议、命令、要求、想法”的名词所接的表语从句通常用“(that) sb. (should) do”的虚拟形式)

9) the mid-term exams (should) be canceled

(考点：表示“建议、命令、要求、想法”的名词所接的同位语从句通常用“(that) sb. (should) do”的虚拟形式)

[表示“建议、命令、要求、想法”的动词及其名词常见的有：advise (advice), agree (agreement), decide (decision), decree,

demand, determine (determination), grant, indicate (indication),

insist (insistence), order, prefer (preference), propose (proposal),

request, require (requirement), resolve (resolution), stipulate

(stipulation), suggest(suggestion), urge, vote;常见的这类动词还有：allow, arrange, ask, beg, concede, demonstrate, ensure, intend,

move, pledge, pray等]

10) we (should) be short of water in a country where it is

always raining

(考点：在It is/was +形容词后的that从句中常用“sb. should

do”的形式表示建议惊奇等。这类形容词常见的有：advisable,

anxious, appropriate, compulsory, crucial, desirable, eager,

essential, fitting, imperative, important, impossible, improper,

natural, necessary, obligatory, preferable, proper, urgent, vital,

willing等)

11) everyone (should) be prepared for emergency

(考点：同上)

12) If he had booked tickets in the way I told him

(考点：在非真实条件句中用过去完成式表示与过去的事实相反)

13) if I had not been interrupted

(考点：同上)

14) If it had rained, the ground would be wet

(考点：在非真实条件句中，当主句与从句表示的动作不是同时发生时，就根据情况用适当的谓语动词形式)

15) If I had been living in New York

(考点：同上)

16) he would be dead now

(考点：同上)

17) we could not have rent a house at such a low price

(考点：but for经常作为非真实条件句中if的代用语)

18) otherwise, it would have taken me more time to work out

this question

(考点：otherwise也经常作为非真实条件句中if的代用语)

19) I would seize the opportunity without hesitation

(考点：在非真实条件句中如果有were, had, should这三个词，可以省去if，采用主谓语倒装的形式来表示条件)

20) this act would have been passed much earlier

(考点：同上)

21) the continued existence of the human race would be in

jeopardy

(考点：同上)

22) lest he should awaken the baby

(考点：lest (以免)引导的从句通常用sb. should do的形式表示虚拟

六、不定式

1) to complete a 24-story building in 10 months

(考点：不定式作主语时常用it作形式主语放在句首代替不定式，而将不定式移到谓语后面)

2) for us to have a good night’s sleep before the test

(考点：有时用“介词for + 代词/名词”来表示不定式的逻辑主语，这时整句的谓语描述的对象是事情，这种情况下谓语中常用的形容词有：necessary, important, possible, impossible, all right, essential等)

3) of you to donate so much money to the people in the

disaster area

(考点：有时用“介词of + 代词/名词”来表示不定式的逻辑主语，这时整句的谓语描述的对象是人，这种情况下谓语中常用的形容词有：absurd, bold, brave, careful, careless, cowardly, cruel, foolish,

generous, good, honest, kind, nice, polite, rude, selfish, silly,

stupid, thoughtful, thoughtless, wicked, wise, wrong等)

4) not to punish those students who had been late for class

(考点：1. 用不定式结构作decide的宾语;2.不定式的否定形式是在to前加not)

(能带不定式作宾语的动词常见的有：afford, agree, ask, attempt,

beg, begin, bother, care, choose, claim, consent, decide, demand,

desire, dislike, endeavor, expect, fail, fear, forget,

happen, hate, help, hesitate, hope, intend, learn, like, love,

manage, mean, neglect, offer, plan, pledge, prefer, prepare,

pretend, promise, refuse, remember, resolve, start, threaten,

undertake, venture, volunteer, vow, want, wish)

5) whether to visit their son in France

(考点：“疑问词+不定式”作动词wonder的宾语。能以这种结

构作宾语的动词通常有ask, consider, decide, discover, explain,

forget, guess, know, learn, observe, remember, see, tell,

understand, wonder等)

6) warned me just now not to water flowers at noon

(考点：不定式作宾语补语)

7) invited him to give us a lecture on modern art

(考点：同上)

(能带不定式结构作宾语补语的动词有advise, allow, ask, beg,

cause, challenge, command, compel, enable, determine,

encourage, expect, feel, find, force, get, hate, have, hear, help,

inform invite, let, like, make, mean, need, notice, notify, oblige,

order, permit, persuade, remind, request, require, see, send, teach,

tell, tempt, trouble, urge, want, warn, watch, wish等。注：划线的动词后面的不定式不带to)

8) to be the chairman of students’ union in so large a

university

(考点：动词 + it + 形容词/名词 + 不定式。it是形式宾语，不定式是真正宾语)

9) to apply what we have learned in class to practice

(考点：不定式作定语)

(不定式常用作以下名词/代词的定语：ability, ambition,

anything, attempt, capability, chance, curiosity, desire, decision,

determination, effort, failure, intention, need, nothing,

opportunity, place, plan, promise, reason, right, something,

tendency, time, way, wish等)

10) ruined our plan to show the film in the open air

(考点：同上)

11) the decision to build a nuclear power station in the

suburbs

(考点：同上)

12) American woman to explore the outer space

(考点：由only, last, next，序数词或形容词最高级修饰的名词常用不定式作定语)

13) only to drop it on their own feet

(考点：不定式作结果状语)

14) to meet a high school classmate in the mountain village

(考点：不定式作原因状语)

15) to have taken up so much of your time

(考点：1. 不定式作原因状语;2. 不定式的完成时)

16) to be standing in the doorway when he rushed in

(考点：不定式的进行式)

17) to be treated as a guest

(考点：不定式的被动形式)

18) go to the campus bookstore to buy used books

(考点：不带to的不定式)

19) but play bridge the whole day

(考点：同上)

20) to wipe our feet on the mat before going into the room

(考点：当动词see, make, hear等用于被动语态时，不定式要保留to)

七、分词

1) “Happy birthday to you” sung in Italian

(考点：分词作宾语补语)

(catch, discover, feel, find, get, have, hear, keep, leave, make,

notice, see, watch等动词常用分词形式作宾语补语)

2) parked in the fire lane

(考点：分词作定语)

3) killing thousands upon thousands of people

(考点：分词作结果状语)

4) raising the average yield by 15 percent

(考点：同上)

5) trying to deduce its operating principle

(考点：分词作伴随状语)

6) Seeing that everyone was bending over his/her book

(考点：分词作原因状语)

7) Deeply moved by the boy’s deeds

(考点：同上)

8) Seen from the eyes of a young friend

(考点：分词作方式状语)

9) Not having heard from his parents for a long time

(考点：1. 分词作原因状语;2.分词的否定形式;3.现在分词的完成式)

八、动名词

1) Taking a cold bath every day

(考点：动名词作主语)

2) making their daughter do what she didn’t like to do

(考点：动名词作动词的宾语)

(下列动词后的宾语只能是动名词而不能是不定式：admit, advise,

allow, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, delay, deny, dislike, dread,

encourage, enjoy, esc ape, excuse, fancy, finish, can’t help,

imagine, keep, mind, miss, permit, postpone, practice, prevent,

propose, recall, recollect, resent, resist, risk, can’t stand, stop,

suggest)

3) getting our goods into the international market

(考点：动名词作介词的宾语)

4) crying over spilled milk

(考点：动名词用于固定结构。动名词经常与以下词组连用：be

worth, have difficulty (in), it be no good/use/worthwhile, there

be no need/no point in, how/what about, what’s the point of,

what’s the use of)

5) having peeked at hi s neighbor’s test paper

(考点：动名词的完成式)

6) being promoted to manager

(考点：动名词的被动式)

九、非谓语动词用法区别

1) working very hard.

(考点：mean表示“意味着”)

2) to drive there, but his car broke down

(考点：mean表示“打算”)

(类似需要区别的动词还有forget, remember, regret, go on,

stop等)

3) talking to his mother

(考点：强调正在进行)

4) talk to his mother for an hour

(考点：强调整个过程)

5) only to break his own leg

(考点：意料之外的结果)

6) breaking his legs

(考点：意料之中的结果)

7) to see his parents in good health

(考点：不定式作原因状语位于句末)

8) Seeing his parents safe and sound

(考点：分词作原因状语位于句首)

9) Following its footprints

(考点：现在分词强调主动)

10) followed by two body guards

(考点：过去分词强调被动)

十、名词从句

1) Why they left their hometown for Yunnan

(考点：主语从句)

2) What confused me most

(考点：同上)

3) That this was done on purpose

(考点：同上)

4) who should be responsible for this matter

(考点：较长的主语从句可以后置，用it作形式主语)

5) whom Mary is engaged to

(考点：同上)

6) what can be done today

(考点：宾语从句)

7) what I have been looking for

(考点：表语从句)

8) whether/if robots will one day have vision as good as

human vision (考点：whether/if引导后置的主语从句)

9) Whether she likes the present

(考点：whether引导前置的主语从句)

10) whether I should ask for another loan

(考点：whether引导表语从句)

11) whether they will support us

(考点：whether引导宾语从句)

12) whether I can count on your vote

(考点：whether引导同位语从句)

(9-12中的whether不可以替换为if)

13) that the Government could do nothing to raise their

wages