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2024年2月18日发(作者：十进制换算成十六进制)
Ⅰ. Multiple Choice
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第6章 语言与认知
1. How does the top-down approach differ from the bottom-up approach in
language processing?
A. Bottom-up processing is more effective than top-down processing in speech
synthesis.
B. Bottom-up processing utilizes all information one has in speech perception.
C. Top-down processing uses one’s existing knowledge and the incoming
speech signal.
D. Top-down processing is more efficient than bottom-up processing in speech
comprehension.
【答案】B
【解析】在语言处理加工过程中，有两种方法，即从一般到具体的自上而下的方法和从具体到一般的自下而上的方法。其中自下而上的方法会用到言语感知中的所有信息。
2. _____ is defined as a conscious process of accumulating knowledge of a second
language usually obtained in school settings.
A. Competence
B. Performance
C. Learning
D. Acquisition
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【答案】C
圣才电子书
十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台
【解析】在学校里我们会学到第二语言，对第二语言知识的这种有意识的积累，叫做“学习”。
3. During language acquisition, children go through several stages, during which
stage they begin to have sensitivity to the phonetic distinctions used in their
parents’ language.
A. Holophrastic stage
B. Two word stage
C. Three word stage
D. Fluent grammatical conversation stage
【答案】A
【解析】孩子们的语言习得要经历三个阶段，单词句阶段，双词句阶段，以及三词句阶段。在单词句阶段，孩子们会对其父母话语中的语音特征特别敏感。
4. _____ is the study of psychological aspect of language.
A. Language acquisition
B. Applied linguistics
C. Psycholinguistics
D. Pragmatics
【答案】A
【解析】语言习得是从心理学的角度来研究语言，主要研究儿童不自觉地自然地掌握母语的过程。
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圣才电子书
十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台
5. _____ does not belong to Construal Operations.
A. Attention/Salience
B. Judgment/Comparison
C. Metaphor/Metonymy
D. Perspective/Situatednesss
【答案】C
【解析】识解操作是人类语言处理过程中概念化的过程，或者说，识解操作是理解语言表达方式所使用的基本心理过程和来源。包括（1）注意力/突显；（2）判断/对比；（3）视点/观察者位置。
6. In the following sentences, which is not a metonymy?
A. The sax has the flu today.
B. Watergate
changed American politics.
C.
Wall Street
is in a panic.
D. She is the apple in her parents’ eyes.
【答案】D
【解析】其他三句为转喻，D为暗语。
7. Which is not a type of iconicity?
A. Iconicity of distance
B. Iconicity of complexity
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C. Iconicity of intimacy
D. Iconicity of order
【答案】C
圣才电子书
十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台
【解析】象似性有距离象似性，复杂象似性以及顺序象似性。
II. True or False
1. Metonymy involves using the familiar to stand for the unfamiliar.
【答案】T
【解析】转喻是一种一个词或词组被另一个与之有紧密联系的词或词组替换的修辞方法。
2. The utterance meaning of the sentence varies with the context in which it is
uttered.
【答案】T
【解析】话语意义随着话语情境的变化而不同。
3. Language acquisition refers to the process involved in creating and expressing
meaning through language.
【答案】F
【解析】语言产出是一个通过语言来表达意义的过程。
4. Structural metaphor means that human experiences with physical objects
provide the basis for ways of viewing events, activities, emotions, ideas, etc., as
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entities and substances.
【答案】F
圣才电子书
十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台
【解析】实体隐喻是指人类以自身经验和生理实体为基础，把事件、行为、情感、思想等抽象概念转换为实体。
5. Superordinate categories are the most general ones. The members of a
superordinate category do not have enough features in common to conjure up a
common gestalt at this level.
【答案】T
【解析】上位范畴是最具概括性的范畴，各成员没有足够的共性构成一个共同的完形。
Ⅲ. Explain the following terms.
1. Language acquisition
Key: It refers to the gradual development of ability in a language by using it
naturally in communicative situations.
2. Cognition
Key: Cognition is, in psychology, used to refer to the mental processes of an
individual, with particular relation to a concept which argues that the mind has
internal mental states (such as beliefs, desires and intentions) and can be
understood as information processing, especially when much abstraction or
concretization is involved, or processes such as involving knowledge, expertise or
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圣才电子书
十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台
learning for example are at work. Another definition of “cognition” is the mental
process or faculty of knowing, including aspects such as awareness, perception,
reasoning, and judgment.
3. cohort model
Key: The cohort model is a supposed doctrine dealing with the spoken word
recognition postulated by Marslen-Wilson and Welsh in 1990. It is suggested that
the first few phonemes of a spoken word activate a set or cohort of word
candidates that are consistent with the input. These candidates compete with one
another for activation. As more acoustic input is analyzed, candidates that are no
longer consistent with the input drop out of the set. This process continues until
only one word candidate matches the input~ the best fitting word may be chosen if
no single candidate is a clear winner.
4. The Innateness Hypothesis
Key: The innateness hypothesis was proposed by Chomsky. It says that the ability to
acquire a human language is part of the biologically innate equipment of the
human being, and that an infant is born with this knowledge of basic grammatical
relations and categories, and this knowledge is universal.
5. Construal and construal operations
Key: Construal is the competence to conceive and portray the same situation in
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