高中人教版英语必修四练习Unit5LearningaboutLanguage

Unit 5 Theme parks

Learning about Language

语法精讲·探究学习

构词法

观察上面的对话, 并填空:

上面对话中的单词headmaster是将两个单词合并在一起, 形成一个新的单词。这种构词法被称为合成法。

英语的构词法主要有三种: 合成法、转化法和派生法。

一、合成法

合成词是由两个或更多的词合成的词。最常见的合成词为合成名词、合成形容词, 还有合成副词、合成动词、合成代词等。合成词一般直接连写在一起, 也有的合成词之间用连字符“”, 还有的由分开的两个词构成。

1. 合成名词

构词方式

名词+名词

名词+动名词

名词+动词+er(or)

形容词+名词

动词+副词

例 词

headmaster 校长

shipbuilding造船(业)

painkiller 止痛药

highway公路

gettogether聚会, 联欢会

副词+动词 output产量; upkeep保养, 维修

upland高地, 山地

grownup成年人

lookeron旁观者

gobetween中间人, 媒人

soninlaw女婿

介词(副词)+名词

分词+副词

名词+介词

动词+介词

名词+介词+名词

合成名词变复数的注意事项

(1)由“可数名词+介词(短语)”构成的复合名词变复数时, 把前面的名词变复数。

*fatherinlaw →fathersinlaw

(2)由man 和woman构成的合成名词变复数时, 两个名词都要变成复数。

*a woman teacher→women teachers

*a man doctor →men doctors

(3)由“名词+名词”构成的复合名词, 在变复数时, 只变中心名词, 修饰名词不变。

*a girlfriend →girlfriends

2. 合成形容词

构词方式

形容词+名词+ed

coldblooded冷血的

例 词

warmhearted热心肠的

形容词+现在分词

goodlooking好看的

easygoing容易相处的

newborn 新生的

形容词+过去分词

readymade现成的

副词+现在分词 hardworking勤劳的

Englishspeaking说英语的

名词+现在分词

peaceloving爱好和平的

副词+过去分词 wellknown闻名的

manmade人造的

名词+过去分词

heartfelt由衷的

twelveyearold十二岁的

数词+名词+形容词

fivemeterlong五米长的

3. 合成副词

构词方式 例 词

介词+名词 underfoot在脚下 beforehand事先

副词+名词 upstairs在楼上; downstairs在楼下

副词+副词

代词+副词

somehow 不知怎么地

形容词+副词

代词+名词

nowhere没有地方

someday (今后)有一天

however无论如何, 然而, 可是

anywhere 任何地方

someway以某种方式

副词+介词 nearby附近

4. 合成动词

构词方式 例 词

副词+动词 overthrow推翻; overe克服

名词+动词 typewrite打字; sleepwalk梦游

形容词+动词 broadcast广播; whitewash粉刷

5. 合成代词

构词方式 例 词

代词宾格+ self itself它自身

物主代词+self myself我自己

anything任何东西

形容词+名词

something 某物, 某事

6. 合成介词

构词方式 例 词

副词+名词 inside在……里面

介词+副词 within在……之内; without没有

副词+介词 into进入

(1)写出黑体单词的词性和词义。

①After sunset the scene of the children playing in the

disappeared. (n. 日落)

garden

②I want to express our heartfelt congratulations to you on your

seventeenth birthday. (adj. 衷心的)

③We ran hotfoot to find out the news. (adv. 匆忙地)

④We overe one problem after another. (vt. 克服)

(2)将下列句中的合成名词变为复数形式。

①I had never been

(daughtersinlaw)

more joyful for my daughterinlaw.

②The new semester, a tall man teacher became the new teacher.

(men teachers)

③He is an Englishman, as I know from his accent. (Englishmen)

二、转化法

一个单词由一种词性转化为另一种或几种词性。

转化词

动词→名词

swim v. 游泳→ swim n. 游泳

book n. 书→book v. 预订

表示物体的

ship n. 船→ship v. 用船运输

hand n. 手→hand v. 递交

名词

表示人体部位的

head n. 头 →head v. 朝……方向

↓

动词

表示一类人的

fool n. 傻子→fool v. 愚弄

表示自然现象的 rain n. 雨→rain v. 下雨

nurse n. 护士→nurse v. 护理

例 词

walk v. 行走 →walk n. 散步

snow n. 雪 →snow v. 下雪

dry adj. 干的→dry v. 使变干

形容词→动词

clean adj. 干净的→clean v. 把……擦干净

副词→动词

形容词→名词

native adj. 本地的→ native n. 本地人

特殊转化 must modal v. 必须→must n. 必须做的事

out adv. 出来→out v. 揭露

white adj. 白色的 → white n. 白人

写出下列句中加黑单词的词性和词义。

(1)He is a man with a powerful build. (n. 体格)

(2)Today, fresh fruit from these trees is shipped from one country to

another. (vt. 用船运输)

(3)The train slowed down. (vi. 减缓)

(4)They’re running in the final. (n. 决赛)

(5)You should be dressed in black. (vt. 穿衣)

三、派生法

即在词根之前加前缀或在词根之后加后缀构成一个与原来单词意思相近或截然相反的单词。除少数前缀外, 前缀一般改变单词的意思,

不改变词性; 后缀一般改变单词的词性, 并不引起词义的变化。

1. 前缀构词法

前

含 义

缀

dis

不 dissatisfy 使不满意; dishonest 不诚实的

例 词

不

un

做相反

unable 不能够; unlucky不幸的

undress 脱衣服; unload 卸货

动作

in

im

ir

il-

non

mis

坏的

re

en

super

重复, 再 rewrite 重写; remarry 再婚; retell 复述

使 enable 使能够; enrich 使丰富

inactive 不活跃的; incorrect 不正确的;

不, 非 impolite 没有礼貌的; impossible不可能的;

irregular 不规则的; illogical不合逻辑的

不, 非 nonexistent 不存在的; nonstop 不停的

错误的;

misunderstand 误解; misfortune 厄运

在上面; superstar巨星; supermodel超级模特; supermarket超级

在……

超市

underground地下的; underestimate低估

之下

相互;

under

inter

之间

预先,

pre

international国际的; interact相互作用

在……之predict预告; preview预习

前

2. 后缀构词法

后 缀

ence/

ance

cion/

sion/

含 义

构成抽

象名词

例 词

evidence证据; importance重要性;

significance重要性; dependence依靠

suspicion怀疑; explosion爆炸; repetition重动作; 状态

复; organization 组织

tion/

ation

cooker炊具; writer作家;

er/or

人或物 operator操作员; actor男演员;

tractor拖拉机

主义;

ism

……教

ist

socialism社会主义;

capitalism资本主义

……主义者; scientist科学家;

……家

行为, 结

dentist 牙医

movement运动; achievement成就;

government政府; equipment设备;

ment

果, 状

态, 性质 development发展

seamanship航海术; friendship友谊;

ship

关系, 身份

citizenship公民身份

身份, 性 adulthood成年; childhood童年;

hood

质, 时代 neighbourhood某街区的居民

ty

ure

状态, 性质 honesty诚实; difficulty困难; anxiety焦虑

结果, 行为, pleasure高兴; picture图画;

状态, 实物

动作过

pressure压力

approval同意; arrival到达, 到达者

程, 结果

able/ible

ish

enjoyable愉快的; horrible可怕的

foolish愚蠢的; childish孩子气的

hopeful有希望的; careful仔细的

hopeless无希望的; useless无用的

friendly友好的; motherly母亲般的

rainy下雨的; dusty布满灰尘的

important重要的; pleasant愉快的

excited感到兴奋的; tired疲劳的

interesting令人感兴趣的

happily快乐地; bravely勇敢地

northward朝北;

forwards向前

al

形

容

词

后

缀

ful

less

ly

y

ant

ed

ing

副

词

后

缀

ly

ward/

wards

动词ing形式作状语时, 相当于与之对应的状语从句, 现在分词的逻辑主语一定和句子的主语保持一致。

(1)(2020·浙江高考)Elli and I feared the fence wouldn’t last through 30

more minutes of the bear’s punishment(punish).

(2) (2020·浙江高考) A few characters are used to create a single

impression (impress)growing out of the theme.

(3)(2020·全国Ⅰ卷) Here’s a handful of ways that will set you in the right

direction(direct).

(4)(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)People want to listen to someone who is

interesting(interest), relaxed(relax) and fortable(fort).

(5)(2020·全国Ⅱ卷)The beautiful (beauty) long branches covered with

pinkcolored buds make fantastic decorations.

(6)The successful(success) fisherman invited the officer to acpany him and

observe.

(7)School uniforms are traditional (tradition) in Britain, but some school

are starting to get rid of them.

(8)It’s not really surprising (surprise) that reading became her vocation.

(9) It was a little far to her car and it was a foggy(fog) day yesterday in

Missouri.

(10)The aim of education is to teach young people to think for themselves

and not follow others blindly(blind).

(11) The naughty boy entered the classroom cautiously(caution), fearing

that his teacher would blame him.

(12)When the salesgirl walked into the shop, she sensed something

unusual(usual). Can someone have got in?

(13) What you said sounded reasonable(reason) but in fact it was untrue.

(14) The black people were against slavery and fought for their

freedom(free)bravely.

课时检测·素养达标

Ⅰ. 根据构词法构成单词, 并完成句子

Model: part+ time=parttime

A water broad warm down under

B cast covered line hearted load

1. The message was broadcast all over the world via radio.

2. As we can see, the earth is a huge, watercovered globe.

3. I do not underline my optimism, but it just is so.

4. He is a warmhearted man, so we all like him.

5. Users can download their material to a desktop PC back in the office.

Model: dis+appear→disappear

A

B

understand

6. As myself I like living in city though I know the disadvantage of living in

city.

7. You certainly were unlucky to get that horrible illness.

8. It was impolite that you talked so loud in the restaurant.

9. They have simply misunderstood what rock and roll is.

dis un im mis il

advantage polite lucky legal

10. He has been charged with membership of an illegal organization.

Ⅱ. 猜测下面黑体单词的词义

1. I always shop on Saturdays. (购物)

2. Can you give me more background on the pany? (背景)

3. Lily wanted to take a career break in order to have children. (休息)

4. Please inform us of your arrival time beforehand. (事先, 提前)

5. It seems reasonable to expect rapid urban growth. (合乎情理的)

6. I am very unfortable lying on this hard, cold floor. (不舒服的)

7. The college has announced its intention to enlarge its stadium. (扩建)

8. People often have incorrect information about food.

9. He works in his greenhouse on Sundays. (温室)

10. Be a nonsmoker and avoid secondhand smoke. (不吸烟者)

语法填空

With the development (develop) of globalization, the

popularity(popular) of the Internet, the increase of international

munication(municate), more and more words came into the English

language. Some linguists made a prediction (prediction): in the near

future, English vocabulary will be more than one million. If

learners(learn) want to read English works and newspapers

fluently(fluent), he must grasp at least 10, 000 English words. So what

method can scientifically (scientific) and effectively(effective) to

remember new English words? It is necessary to have a large vocabulary if

(不正确的)

you want to learn English well. And you must concern wordformation law,

found the words pronunciation(pronounce) and spelling(spell)

characteristics, and the connection(connect) between the sound and

shape. Understand the knowledge of wordformation can help us

memorize(memory) new words efficiently, which has formed a

consensus(共识).

课时素养评价

十四 Unit 5 Learning about Language

Ⅰ. 用所给词的适当形式填空

1. (2019·全国卷Ⅰ)Some positions require students to be 15 to 24 or up to

29 for persons with a disability(ability).

2. I cannot control my body well. My legs bee painful(pain).

3. They failed to reach a settlement(settle), because they disagreed

(agree) too much with each other.

4. I couldn’t agree more. It is meaningful(mean). Not only can it

broaden(broad) our multicultural (cultural)knowledge and enrich (rich)

our lives, it can also enable(able) us to develop unlimited(limited) love

and friendship (friend) with others from various social backgrounds.

5. (2018·全国卷Ⅰ)All riders(ride) are equipped with reflective(reflect)

vests and safety(safe)lights.

6. Nothing could weaken (weak) his resolution to continue further study.

7. She was taken to a hospital suffering from an irregular (regular)

heartbeat.

8. This book explores the musical(music) interest and needs of children in

their daily lives.

9. Surprisingly(surprise), these people live largely by their own laws and

their own social customs.

10. Silences may be thoughtful(thought), or they may be empty when a

person has nothing to say.

Ⅱ. 完成句子

1. The boy dreams of being a pilot.

这个男孩梦想成为一名飞行员。

2. Investors are growing impatient with promises of improved earnings.

投资者们对提高收益的承诺越来越不耐烦了。

3. The accident resulted in the death of two passengers.

这次事故导致两名乘客死亡。

4. The clearing of rubbish and drains is still inplete.

垃圾和下水道的清理工作仍然没有完成。

5. We have to look at everything from an international perspective. 我们必须要从一个国际视角来看待事物。

6. (2020·浙江高考)Each play has a theme or central idea which the

playwright hopes to get across through dialogue and action. 每部戏剧都有一个主题或中心思想, 剧作家希望通过对话和行动来表达。

7. (2020·全国Ⅱ卷)His son, age 15, who had taken an art appreciation

class, thought that there was something unusual about the one with a

young girl sitting on a garden chair.

他的上过艺术鉴赏课的15岁的儿子认为有一位年轻女子坐在花园椅子上的那幅画有些不寻常。

8. (2020·江苏高考)It was easy for us to go to sleep at the end of the day

feeling a little misunderstood. 在一天结束的时候, 我们很容易在被误解的感觉下入睡。

9. (2020·全国Ⅱ卷)“Nicolo, ” whose real name cannot be exposed to the

public because of Italy’s privacy laws, finished working the whole night

at a factory in Turin.

“Nicolo”, 因为意大利的隐私法他的真实名字不能被透露给公众, 在Turin的一家工厂结束了一整夜的工作。

10. (2020·全国Ⅰ卷) In fact, anyone wishing to try race walking should

probably first consult a coach or experienced racer to learn proper

technique, she says. 她说, 事实上, 任何想尝试竞走的人都应该首先咨询教练或有经验的竞走者, 学习适当的技术。

Ⅰ. 阅读理解

Four national parks worth the trip

Carlsbad Caverns National Park

New Mexico

In Carlsbad Caverns, there are more than 119 caves, including the

main cave with the milelong Big Room walk inside. The park is set along

New Mexico’s quiet southern border. Make time to also explore the

surrounding Chihuahuan Desert, home to the most diverse collection of

cactus (仙人掌) species(物种) in the world’s deserts. In summer, visitors

can watch half a million Brazilian freetailed bats fill the evening skies.

Tel: 5757852232

Price: $10 per person; kids 15 and under, free

Channel Islands National Park

California

Just off the coast of Ventura, the five Pacific Channel Islands offer

160 miles of pristine(原始的) coastline. You can reach the islands by boat

or plane. Once there, you can see gray whales, Risso’s dolphins and

elephant seals while on a whalewatching tour, or search for the rare

native species such as island foxes.

Tel: 8056585730

Price: free

Isle Royale National Park

Michigan

Isle Royale is a 570, 000acre island in the northwest of Michigan’s

Lake Superior. Each summer, visitors go there by ferry or seaplane to

explore the island’s 19thcentury shipwrecks(沉船), learn about trout and

whitefish or paddle the plentiful waterways by boat.

Tel: 9064820984

Price: $4 per person; kids 10 and under, free

Dry Tortugas National Park

Florida

Dry Tortugas—a remote island about 70 miles west of Key West and

due north of Havana—is an ideal place for swimmers. In fact, the

majority of the park’s 100 square miles are actually underwater. Visitors

can take a boat, ferry or seaplane to Dry Tortugas, where they’ll

discover shipwrecks, sea turtles and nearly 300 types of birds.

Tel: 3052427700

Price: $10 per person for seven days; kids 16 and under, free

【文章大意】本文是应用文。文章介绍了四个值得一去的美国国家公园。

1. How much should a couple with two little babies pay for Carlsbad

Caverns National Park?

A. $40. B. $30. C. $20. D. $10.

【解析】选C。细节理解题。根据 Carlsbad Caverns National Park部分的Price: $10 per person; kids 15 and under, free可知, 两个大人和两个婴儿共需门票钱20美元。

2. Which place is the best choice for someone fond of boating?

A. Florida.

B. Michigan.

D. New Mexico. C. California.

【解析】选B。细节理解题。根据 Isle Royale National Park部分的 paddle

the plentiful waterways by boat可知, 该公园是划船的好去处。故划船爱好者应该去该公园所在地 Michigan。

3. Which park should a swimming lover visit?

A. Isle Royale National Park.

B. Dry Tortugas National Park.

C. Channel Islands National Park.

D. Carlsbad Caverns National Park.

【解析】选B。细节理解题。根据 Dry Tortugas National Park部分的 Dry

Tortugas. . . is an ideal place for swimmers可知, 该公园是游泳爱好者的理想之地。

Ⅱ. 完形填空

Lehrner always wanted to design roller coasters. Even as a(n) 1 ,

though, she knew that there had to be more to it than just hopping on

board. “I started 2 how I would prepare, ”she said. She looked to

science and math and 3 advanced classes in algebra and geometry in

middle school and high school. Then she took even more 4 math and

a high level physics course.

She also 5 theme parks as often as she could and researched

the 6 of those coasters online. When it came time for 7 , she

went to the Colorado School of Mines in Golden, where she 8 a

bachelor’s degree in mechanical engineering.

Now Lehrner works with amusement parks to design and 9 new

coasters. These new coasters they design are 10 made of wood,

except for a metal 11 on which the cars run. The basic design has

been around for more than a century. Still, Lehrner notes, each new

one is different. “A lot of the same 12 and concepts are used when I

design new coasters. But they 13 with the terrain (地势)and design.

That tells us what the limits will be—how tight the bends and how 14

the hills are. ”

Some parks 15 their coasters to be as scary as possible. That

means big 16 and quick turns and lots of inversions. Lehrner is 17

at making twisted wood coasters. The coasters she 18 make you feel

as if you’re going 19 than you really are because the tracks are lower

to the ground. “We also try to build rides that are fun for the whole 20

—children as well as their parents. ” she said.

【文章大意】本文是一篇记叙文。Lehrner从小就想设计过山车, 于是她努力学习数学、物理等学科, 现在她为多家游乐场设计、建造木质过山车。

1. A. genius B. kid

C. teacher D. inventor

【解析】选B。根据下文可知, 此处指Lehrner从小就想设计过山车。as a kid意为“小时候”。故选B。

2. A. thinking about

C. writing down

B. going over

D. dreaming of

【解析】选A。根据下文中的“She looked to science and math. . . ”可知,

为了将来能够设计过山车, 她很关注科学和数学。说明她从小就开始考虑(think about)如何为设计过山车做准备。故选A。

3. A. brought

C. took

B. researched

D. gave

【解析】选C。此处take classes“上课”, 为固定搭配。故选C。

4. A. classical

C. practical

B. ancient

D. advanced

【解析】选D。承接上句, 再根据even more表达的语气, 此处指更高级的(advanced)数学。故选D。

5. A. visited

C. funded

B. created

D. managed

【解析】选A。根据常识可判断, 为了研究过山车, 她经常光顾(visit)主题公园。不是经常创造(create)、资助(fund)或管理(manage)主题公园。故选A。

6. A. parks

C. themes

B. makers

D. players

【解析】选B。根据上下文, Lehrner关注的是过山车的设计, 再根据空格后面的定语“of those coasters”可知, 此处应指过山车的制造者(maker), 而不是玩家(player)或主题(theme)。故选B。

7. A. vacation

C. college

B. graduation

D. decision

【解析】选C。根据后文“she _______a bachelor’s degree in mechanical

engineering”可知, “the Colorado School of Mines”是一所高等院校, 所以此处指上大学(college)的时候。故选C。

8. A. made

B. bought

D. got C. researched

【解析】选D。get a degree“获得学位”, 为固定搭配。故选D。

9. A. discover

C. build

B. learn

D. bought

【解析】选C。根据句意可知, Lehrner和游乐园的工人一起建造(build)新的过山车。故选C。

10. A. largely

C. carefully

B. pletely

D. possibly

【解析】选A。根据后文的“except for a metal. . . ”可知, 此处指过山车大部分(largely)是用木头建造的。故选A。

11. A. cover

C. fence

B. frame

D. track

【解析】选D。根据后面的定语从句可知, 此处指金属制造的铁轨(track)。故选D。

12. A. metals

C. colors

B. materials

D. plans

【解析】选B。根据后文“But they _______with the terrain and design. ”可知此处不是指颜色(color)和计划(plan); 根据前文可知, Lehrner设计

的过山车大部分为木质, 所以排除A。故选B。

13. A. agree

C. change

B. pare

D. deal

【解析】选C。此处意为“我使用了很多相同的组件和概念。但随着地形和设计的变化而变化(change)。”故选C。

14. A. beautiful

C. much

B. dangerous

D. high

【解析】选D。地势的不同让我们知道过山车的弯应有多急, 山应有多高。此处指山的高度。故选D。

15. A. want

C. hate

B. consider

D. imagine

【解析】选A。Lehrner 为公园设计过山车, 有的公园想要(want)他们的过山车尽量吓人, 此处指公园一方的要求。故选A。

16. A. drops

C. seats

B. coasters

D. carriages

【解析】选A。根据常识可知, 过山车要想刺激, 降幅要大, 转弯要快,

倒悬要多。big drops“大的降幅”。故选A。

17. A. amazed

C. pleased

B. expert

D. excited

【解析】选B。此处指Lehrner很擅长制造木质过山车, be expert at“擅长于”, 为固定搭配。故选B。

18. A. rides B. enjoys

C. designs D. studies

【解析】选C。根据文章内容, 此处应指Lehrner所设计(design)的过山车。故选C。

19. A. slower

C. further

B. crazier

D. faster

【解析】选D。根据本段第一句“Some parks _______their coasters to be

as scary as possible. ”可知, 既然一些公园希望他们的过山车尽量刺激,

那么所设计的过山车应该让乘坐人员感觉上比实际要快(faster)。故选D。

20. A. family

C. place

B. munity

D. society

【解析】选A。根据半破折号后的“children as well as their parents”可知,

此处应指全家(family)。故选A。

Ⅲ. 语法填空

It was now raining heavily. My husband was away. I did not want

1. ___________ (ask) anyone else to go with me. So I went to the hospital

by

2. ___________(I). I was taken to a small room. Lina 3. ___________(lie)

sleeping quietly on a table.

This wasn’t 4. ___________ first time Lina had taken too many pills. I

knew she would sleep deeply for about twelve 5. ___________ (hour) until

the poison had stopped doing its harm.

I sat down by Lina’s side and watched her sleep. The room was still. I

looked around. The room seemed familiar. “Have I been here before?” I

wondered. I looked around again. “I’m sure I’ve been in this room, ” I told

myself. Then I remembered. It was in this very room 6. ___________ I gave

birth to Lina seventeen years ago.

7. ___________ happy I was then!

Lina used to be such a bright, 8. ___________ (health) and nice child.

“What has turned her into a dopetaker (吸毒者)?” I asked myself. “And

why are millions of young people like her taking dope 9. ___________

(destroy) themselves? There must be something 10. ___________(serious)

wrong with our society. What is it?”

1. 【解析】to ask。考查非谓语动词。want to do sth. “想做某事”, 不定式作want 的宾语。

2. 【解析】myself。考查代词。by oneself意为“单独”, 为固定搭配。

3. 【解析】lay。考查时态。 设空处表示“躺着”, 根据上下句时态可知用一般过去时。

4. 【解析】the。考查冠词。 设空后为序数词first。故此处用定冠词the。

5. 【解析】hours。考查名词复数。由空格前的twelve可知, 此处应当用名词的复数形式。

6. 【解析】that。考查强调句。本句对介词短语in this very room进行强调, 为强调句句式, 故用that。

7. 【解析】How。考查感叹句。 根据感叹句型“How+adj. +主语+谓语”可知。故用how引起感叹。

8. 【解析】healthy。考查形容词。设空处与其后的nice均修饰child, 作定语。故用形容词形式。

9. 【解析】to destroy。考查非谓语动词。句意: 为什么数百万像她一样的年轻人吸毒来损害自己的身体呢?不定式表示目的。

10. 【解析】seriously。考查副词。设空处修饰其后的形容词wrong。故用副词形式。