指示语deixis

指示语deixis

话语中跟语境相联系的表示指示信息的词语，就叫做指示语。指示是语用研究中一个重要概念，涉及到一些词语，如代词、称谓、时间处所词语等。这些词语的具体或确切的指称意义，必须结合具体的语境，才能准确理解。

指示语主要有：

1、人称指示。称指示是话语中关于人物人称的指示。最典型的是人称代词，又分第一人称指示、第二人称指示、第三人称指示。

2、时间指示。时间指示是话语中关于时间的指示。时间是一个抽象的概念，人们只能人为地选定一些参照点。在言语交际中，时间指示是以说话时刻作为参照点来计算和理解的。

3、空间指示。空间指示是话语中关于处所、方位的指示。空间指示主要有：表示方位和处所的名词、副词、指示代词，具有位移意义的动词如“来”“去”“走”“离开”“到达”等。

4、话语指示。话语指示又称语段指示、上下文指示，是用来指明话语中部分与部分之间关系的。由于言语交际是在一定的时间、空间中展开的，所以话语指示与时间指示、空间指示有密切关系，有些时间指示、空间指示同时也是话语指示。

5、社交指示。社交指示是用来指明发话人和受话人之间，或发话人跟所谈及的人（第三方、之间的社会关系的词语。

Deixis

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

In linguistics, deixis refers to the phenomenon wherein understanding the meaning of certain

words and phrases in an utterance requires contextual information. Words are deictic if their

semantic meaning is fixed but their denotational meaning varies depending on time and/or place.

Words or phrases that require contextual information to convey any meaning - for example,

English pronouns - are deictic. Deixis is closely related to both indexicality and anaphora, as will

be further explained below. Although this article deals primarily with deixis in spoken language, the

concepts can apply to written language, gestures, and communication media as well. And even

though this article is primarily concerned with English, deixis is believed to be a feature (to some

degree) of all natural languages.[1] The term’s origin is Ancient Greek: δεῖξις ""display,

demonstration, or reference"", the meaning "point of reference" in contemporary linguistics having

been taken over from Chrysippus.[2

Types of deixis

[edit]Traditional categories

Possibly the most common categories of contextual information referred to by deixis are those

of person, place, and time - what Fillmore calls the “major grammaticalized types” of deixis.[3]

[edit]Person

Person deixis concerns itself with the grammatical persons involved in an utterance, (1) those

directly involved (e.g. the speaker, the addressee), (2) those not directly involved (e.g.

overhearers—those who hear the utterance but who are not being directly addressed), and (3)

those mentioned in the utterance.[4] In English, the distinctions are generally indicated by

pronouns. The following examples show how. (The person deictic terms are in italics [a

signaling notation that will continue through this article].)

I am going to the movies.

Would you like to have dinner?

They tried to hurt me, but he came to the rescue.

Gender

In many languages, that only have male and female, referring to gender neutral subjects has

different aspects. Objects , or things have their own gender too between male or female.

When referring to a genderless object, it is often referred to as a male, though the object is

genderless. In the English language, when referring to any character that has no gender, a

self-aware entity, it is referred to a male, or as a "He", such as an "it" is inappropriate when

calling the sentient object a thing. In many languages, they would address to people as in

male, such as a group mixed with men and women is referred to as a male, such as Ils in

French. An example would be :

A man is responsible for his own soul

as opposed to

Each person is responsible for his or her own soul

common in many religious text referring to people of all genders using only the male gender.

This can be understood in context, the male gender being used to signify male or female

persons.

Place

Place deixis, also known as space deixis, concerns itself with the spatial locations relevant to

an utterance. Similarly to person deixis, the locations may be either those of the speaker and

addressee or those of persons or objects being referred to. The most salient English

examples are the adverbs “here” and “there”and the demonstratives “this” and “that” -

although those are far from being the only deictic words.[3]

Some examples:

I enjoy living in this city.

Here is where we will place the statue.

She was sitting over there.

Unless otherwise specified, place deictic terms are generally understood to be relative to the

location of the speaker, as in

The shop is across the street.

where “across the street” is understood to mean “across the street from where I am right

now.”[3] It is interesting to note that while “here” and “there” are often used to refer to locations

near to and far from the speaker, respectively, “there” can also refer to the location of the

addressee, if they are not in the same location as the speaker. So, while

Here is a good spot; it is too sunny over ifies the former usage,

How is the weather there?is an example of the latter.[4]

Languages usually show at least a two-way referential distinction in their deictic system:

proximal, i.e. near or closer to the speaker, and distal, i.e. far from the speaker and/or closer

to the addressee. English exemplifies this with such pairs as this and that, here and there, etc.

In other languages, the distinction is three-way: proximal, i.e. near the speaker, medial, i.e.

near the addressee, and distal, i.e. far from both. This is the case in a few Romance

languages and in Korean, Japanese, Thai, Filipino and Turkish The archaic English

forms yon and yonder (still preserved in some regional dialects) once represented a distal

category which has now been subsumed by the formerly medial "there".[5]

Time

Time, or temporal, deixis concerns itself with the various times involved in and referred to in

an utterance. This includes time adverbs like "now", "then", "soon", and so forth, and also

different tenses. A good example is the word tomorrow, which denotes the consecutive next

day after every day. The "tomorrow" of a day last year was a different day than the

"tomorrow" of a day next week. Time adverbs can be relative to the time when an utterance is

made (what Fillmore calls the "encoding time", or ET) or when the utterance is heard

(Fillmore’s "decoding time", or DT).[3] While these are frequently the same time, they can differ,

as in the case of prerecorded broadcasts or correspondence. For example, if one were to

write

It is raining out now, but I hope when you read this it will be sunny.

the ET and DT would be different, with the former deictic term concerning ET and the latter

the DT.

Tenses are generally separated into absolute (deictic) and relative tenses. So, for

example, simple English past tense is absolute, such as in

He went.

while the pluperfect is relative to some other deictically specified time, as in

He had gone.

Other categories

Though the traditional categories of deixis are perhaps the most obvious, there are other

types of deixis that are similarly pervasive in language use. These categories of deixis were

first discussed by Fillmore and Lyons.[4]

[edit]Discourse

Discourse deixis, also referred to as text deixis, refers to the use of expressions within an

utterance to refer to parts of the discourse that contains the utterance — including the

utterance itself. For example, in

This is a great story.

“this” refers to an upcoming portion of the discourse, and in

That was an amazing day.

that” refers to a prior portion of the discourse.

Distinction must be made between discourse deixis and anaphora, which is when an

expression makes reference to the same referent as a prior term, as in

Matthew is an incredible athlete; he came in first in the race.

Lyons points out that it is possible for an expression to be both deictic and anaphoric at the

same time. In his example

I was born in London and I have lived here/there all my life.

“here” or “there” function anaphorically in their reference to London, and deictically in that the

choice between “here” or “there” indicates whether the speaker is or is not currently in

London.[1]

The rule of thumb to distinguish the two phenomenon is as follows: when an expression refers

to another linguistic expression or a piece of discourse, it is discourse deictic. When that

expression refers to the same item as a prior linguistic expression, it is anaphoric.[4]

Switch reference is a type of discourse deixis, and a grammatical feature found in some

languages, which indicates whether the argument of one clause is the same as the argument

of the previous clause. In some languages, this is done through same subject markers and

different subject markers. In the translated example "John punched Tom, and left-[same

subject marker]," it is John who left, and in "John punched Tom, and left-[different subject

marker]," it is Tom who left.[citation needed]

[edit]Social

Social deixis concerns the social information that is encoded within various expressions, such

as relative social status and familiarity. Two major forms of it are the so-called T-V distinctions

and honorifics.

Usages of deixis

It is helpful to distinguish between two usages of deixis, gestural and symbolic, as well as

non-deictic usages of frequently deictic words. Gestural deixis refers, broadly, to deictic

expressions whose understanding requires some sort of audio-visual information. A simple

example is when an object is pointed at and referred to as “this” or “that”. However, the

category can include other types of information than pointing, such as direction of gaze, tone

of voice, and so on. Symbolic usage, by contrast, requires generally only basic spatio-temporal knowledge of the utterance.[4] So, for example

I broke this finger.

requires being able to see which finger is being held up, whereas

I love this city.

requires only knowledge of the current location. In a similar vein,

I went to this city one time . . .

is a non-deictic usage of "this", which does not reference anything specific.

Rather, it is used as an indefinite article, much the way "a" could be used in

its place.