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2024年4月12日发(作者：python识别图片中的物体)
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学院X学年第一学期
《语言学导论》平时测验1
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五
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姓名
I. Fill in the blanks with the most suitable words. (24 points)
1. Competence refers to an ideal language user’s underlying knowledge about the
system of rules; and ______ refers to the ideal language user’s actual use of
language in concrete situations.
design features of language are _________, duality, creativity and ________.
3. ___________ transcription is used for the purpose of transcribing the minute
difference between variations of the same sound. Take [ă] for example, to
indicate that a vowel has been nasalized, we simply add a curved line to the top
of the symbol [a].
4. The four sounds /p/, /b/, /m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e., they are all
_______ sounds.
5. Name the sound segments which matche the following descriptipns respectively.
a._______ vocieless postalveolar fricative;
b._________high back tense rounded vowel.
6. A(n) ___________ is the smallest unit of sound that is of distinctive value. It is
an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features.
7. _________ morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but have to
be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word
8. Inflectional affixes very often only add a minute gammatical meaning to the stem,
whereas ______ affixes often change the lexical meaning.
9. According to structuralism, the ________ relation, or chain relation, is a relation
beween one item and others in a sequence, or between elements which are all
present.
10. ((Poor) (John)) ((ran) (away)) is one representaion of ______________analysis,
proposed by American linguist Bloomfield.
II. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement. (24 points)
1. _________ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words
and the rules by which words are formed.
A. Syntax B. Grammar C. Morphology D. Morpheme
study of a language as it changes though time is called ______ linguistics.
A. diachronic onic onal tive
3. __________ is a voiced alveolar stop.
A. /z/ B. /d/ C. /k/ D. /b/
4.______ has been widely accepted as the forefather of modern linguistics.
A. Chomsky B. Saussure C. Bloomfield D. Halliday
5. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments
are called the ____ of that phoneme.
A. phones B. sounds C. phonemes D. allophones
6. Which vowel is different from others according to the kind of opening made at the lips?
A. [i:] B. [כ] C. [e] D. [i]
7. Since [p
h
] and [p
=
] are the variants of the phoneme /p/ and they never occur in the the
same
context, they are said to be ___________.
A. in phonemic contrast B. in complementary distribution
C. free variants D. a minimal pair
8. _________ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful unit of language in grammar
by the linguists.
A. Words B. Morphemes C. Phonemes D. Sentences
9. The English word “modernizers” is composed of morphemes.
A. four B. three C. two D. five
10. Based on the government and binding theory, the phrase “speak about the language” can
be analysed as: “speak” is the head of this structure and __________“about the language”,
and thus “speak” is the governor of “about thelanguage”.
A. dominates B. controls C. c-commands D. binds
11. In Halliay’s view, the ______ function of language is realized in transitivity system in
clauses as a representation of experience.
A. interpersonal B. textual C. social D. ideational
12. In the sentence “She was a small woman, old and wrinkled”, the percentage of the
function words is (nearly)______.
A. 50% B. 40% C. 60% D. 70%
III. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False. Write T for True
and F for False in the bracket before each of them. (16 points)
1. ( ) The sentence “As the night fell, the wind rose.” doesn’t mean the same as “As the
wind rose, the night fell”. This indicates a degree of non-arbitrariness about word order.
2. ( ) In modern linguistics, diachronic study seems to enjoy priority over synchronic study.
3. ( ) A voiceless consonant is produced without the obstruction of the airstream in the
vocal tract.
4. ( ) Inflectional suffixes never change the word class of the word they attach to.
5. ( ) Recerived Pronunciation is the pronunciation accepted by most prople.
6. ( ) All words contain a root morpheme.
7. ( ) In terms of functional lingistics, Rheme is the element which serves as the starting
point of the utterance, and the remainder of the utterance is called Residue.
8. ( ) All syllables must have a nucleus but not all syllables contain an onset and a coda.
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