大学英语六级改革适用(阅读)模拟试卷219(题后含答案及解析)

大学英语六级改革适用（阅读）模拟试卷219

(题后含答案及解析)

题型有： 3. Reading Comprehension

Part III Reading Comprehension

Section C

Nothing succeeds in business books like the study of success. The current

business-book boom was launched in 1982 by Tom Peters and Robert Waterman with

In Search of Excellence. The trend has continued with a succession of experts and

would-be experts who promise to distil the essence of excellence into three (or five or

seven) simple rules. The Three Rules is a self-conscious contribution to this type

of writing; it even includes a bibliography of “success studies”. Michael Raynor and

Mumtaz Ahmed work for a consultancy. Deloitte, that is determined to turn itself into

more of a thought-leader and less a corporate repairman. They employ all the tricks of

the success books. They insist that their conclusions are “measurable and actionable”—guides to behavior rather than analysis for its own sake. Success authors usually

serve up vivid stories about how exceptional businesspeople stamped their

personalities on a company or rescued it from a life-threatening crisis. Messrs Raynor

and Ahmed are happier chewing the numbers: they provide detailed appendices on

“calculating the elements of advantage” and “detailed analysis”. The authors

spent five years studying the behavior of their 344 “ exceptional companies”, only to

come up at first with nothing. Every hunch(直觉) led to a blind alley and every

hypothesis to a dead end. It was only when they shifted their attention from how

companies behave to how they think that they began to make sense of their

voluminous material. Management is all about making difficult tradeoffs in

conditions that are always uncertain and often fast-changing. But exceptional

companies approach these tradeoffs with two simple rules in mind, sometimes

consciously, sometimes unconsciously. First: better before cheaper. Companies are

more likely to succeed in the long run if they compete on quality or performance than

on price. Second: revenue before cost. Companies have more to gain in the long run

from driving up revenue than by driving down costs. Most success studies suffer from

two faults. There is “the (光环) effect”, whereby good performance leads

commentators to attribute all manner of virtues to anything and everything the

company does. These virtues then suddenly become vices when the company fails.

Messrs Raynor and Ahmed work hard to avoid these mistakes by studying large

bodies of data over several decades. But they end up embracing a different error:

stating the obvious. Most businesspeople will not be surprised to learn that it is better

to find a profitable niche(缝隙市场) and focus on boosting your revenues than to

compete on price and cut your way to success. The difficult question is how to find

that profitable niche and protect it. There, The Three Rules is less useful.

1． What kind of business books are most likely to sell well?

A．Books on excellence.

B．Guides to management.

C．Books on business rules.

D．Analyses of market trends.

正确答案：A

解析：细节题。由题干中的 business books定位到文章第一段第一句。该句指出最成功的商业书籍是研究成功的。由此可知题干是对该句的同义互换，答案应该是 books like the study of success 的同义词，所以正确答案是A)。 知识模块：仔细阅读

2． What does the author imply about books on success so far?

A．They help businessmen one way or another.

B．They are written by well-recognized experts.

C．They more or less fall into the same stereotype.

D．They are based on analyses of corporate leaders.

正确答案：C

解析：推断题。题干中缺乏直接定位的关键词，只能根据 books on success 定位到文章首段。该段最后一句话指出一些专家和准专家们继续推进这种趋势，他们将成功的本质提炼为 3(或 5 或 7)个简单的规则。由此可以推断出成功出现了固定化的趋势，所以正确答案为C)。 知识模块：仔细阅读

3． How does The Three Rules differ from other success books according to the

passage?

A．It focuses on the behavior of exceptional businessmen.

B．It bases its detailed analysis on large amounts of data.

C．It offers practicable advice to businessmen.

D．It draws conclusions from vivid examples.

正确答案：B

解析：细节题。由题干中的 The Three Rules定位到文章第二段。该段第一句话指出《三个规则》是对这种类型写作的一个自觉贡献。接着借助作者雷纳和艾哈迈德的话来指出这本书与其他成功书籍的不同之处是：其他成功书籍的作者一般是给读者提供一些成功的故事，而本书的作者喜欢咀嚼数字，这本书的附录提供了“计算优势元素”和“详细分析”，所以正确答案是B)。 知识模块：仔细阅读

4． What does the passage say contributes to the success of exceptional

companies?

A．Focus on quality and revenue.

B．Management and sales promotion.

C．Lower production costs and competitive prices.

D．Emphasis on after-sale service and maintenance.

正确答案：A

解析：推断题。由题干中的 exceptional companies 定位到文章倒数第二段的第二至最后一句。该句提到特殊公司运用两个简单的规则进行权衡。接着分别说明这两个规则是：质量优于价格和收入优于成本。由此可知这些公司注重的是质量和收入，所以正确答案是A)。 知识模块：仔细阅读

5． What is the author’s comment on The Three Rules？

A．It can help to locate profitable niches.

B．It has little to offer to businesspeople.

C．It is noted for its detailed data analysis.

D．It fails to identify the keys to success.

正确答案：D

解析：观点态度题。题干问的是作者对《三个原则》这本书的评价。根据题文同序原则并结合关键词 The Three Rules，可以定位至最后一段的最后两句话。这两句话指出困难的是你如何找到有利可图的隙缝市场并保护它，在这一方面《三个规则》不那么有用。由此可知作者认为《三个规则》无助于发现有利可图的缝隙市场并保护它，而这对于成功很重要，所以正确答案是D)。 知识模块：仔细阅读

Until recently, the University of Kent prided itself on its friendly image. Not

any more. Over the past few months it has been working hard, with the help of media

consultants, to play down its cosy reputation in favour of something more academic

and serious. Kent is not alone in considering an image revamp (翻新). Changes to

next year’s funding regime are forcing universities to justify charging students up to

￡ 9,000 in fees. Nowadays universities are putting much more of a focus on

their brands and what their value propositions are. While in the past universities have

often focused on student social life and attractions of the university town in

recruitment campaigns, they are now concentrating on more tangible (实在的)

attractions, such as employment prospects, engagement with industry, and lecturer

contact hours, making clear exactly what students are going to get for their money.

The problem for universities is that if those benefits fail to materialise, students notice.

That worries Rob Behrens, who deals with student complaints. “Universities need to

be extremely careful in describing what’s going to happen to students,” he says. “As

competition is going to get greater for attracting gifted students, there is a danger that

universities will go the extra mile.” One university told prospective engineering

students they would be able to design a car and race it at Brands Hatch, which never

happened, he says. Others have promised use of sophisticated equipment that turned

out to be broken or unavailable. “If universities spent as much money on handling

complaints and appeals appropriately as they spend on marketing, they would do

better at keeping students, and in the National Student Survey returns,” he says.

Ongoing research tracking prospective 2012 students suggests that they are not only

becoming more sophisticated in thinking about what they want from a university, but

are also spending more time researching evidence to back up institutional claims.

Hence the growing importance of the student survey. From next September, all

institutions will also be expected to publish on their websites key information sets,

allowing easier comparison between institutions, between promises and reality, and

the types of jobs and salaries graduates go on to. As a result, it is hardly

surprising that universities are beginning to change the way they market themselves.

While the best form of marketing for institutions is to be good at what they do, they

also need to be clear about how they are different from others. And it is vital that

once an institution claims to be particularly good at something, it must live up to it.

The moment you position yourself, you become exposed, and if you fail in that you

are in trouble.

6． What was the University of Kent famous for?

A．Its comfortable campus life.

B．Its up-to-date course offerings.

C．Its distinguished teaching staff.

D．Its diverse academic programmes.

正确答案：A

解析：细节题。由题干中的 the University of Kent 定位到文章第一段第一句。该句指出直到最近肯特大学仍对自己的友好形象引以为豪。接着指出其过去几个月来却努力淡化其舒适的声誉，支持更学术、更严肃的事情。由此可知正确答案应该是 friendly image 或cosy reputation 的同义词，所以A) 是 正 确答案。 知识模块：仔细阅读

7． What are universities trying to do to attract students?

A．Improve their learning environment.

B．Offer more scholarships to the gifted.

C．Upgrade their campus facilities.

D．Present a better academic image.

正确答案：D

解析：细节题。由题干中的 attract students定位到文章第三段。该段首句话指出现在大学更多地关注它们的品牌和它们的价值主张。接着在第二句具体指出现在它们专注于更实在的吸引力，比如就业前景、行业参与以及师生接触时间，真正明确学生花钱能获得什么。由此可知正确答案应该能概括这些内容，所以D)是正确答案。 知识模块：仔细阅读

8． What does Rob Behrens suggest universities do in marketing themselves?

A．Publicise the achievements of their graduates.

B．Go to extra lengths to cater to students’ needs.

C．Refrain from making promises they cannot honour.

D．Survey the expectations of their prospective students.

正确答案：C

解析：推断题。由题干中的 Rob Behrens 定位到文章第四段的第二句。该句提到罗伯·贝伦斯认为大学需要非常小心地向学生描述会发生的事情，随着吸引有天赋学生的竞争变得更加激烈，大学有付出更多努力的危险。由此可以推断罗伯·贝伦斯建议学校要做出能够实现的承诺，而不是胡乱许愿，所以正确答案是C)。 知识模块：仔细阅读

9． What is students’ chief consideration in choosing a university?

A．Whether it promises the best job prospects.

B．Whether it is able to deliver what they want.

C．Whether it ranks high among similar institutions.

D．Whether it offers opportunities for practical training.

正确答案：B

解析：推断题。题干问的是学生在选择学校时最关心的是什么，很难从中找到直接定位的关键词。按照题文同序原则，应该在第四段以后的段落中找。文章第六段指出持续跟踪未来的 2 012 名学生的研究表明他们不仅在思考自己在大学里想要什么上考虑得更成熟，而且也花更多的时间来研究支持学校主张的证据。由此可知学生除了考虑自己要什么之外，更考虑学校是否能够实现它的主张，所以正确答案为B)。 知识模块：仔细阅读

10． What must universities show to win recruitment campaigns?

A．They are positioned to meet the future needs of society.

B．They are responsible to students for their growth.

C．They are ever ready to improve themselves.

D．They are unique one way or another.

正确答案：D

解析：推断题。题干问的是大学为了赢取招新战役的胜利应该展示什么，很难从中找到直接定位的关键词。按照题文同序原则，应该在最后三段中找。经排查应该定位至倒数第二段的最后一句话，该句话指出尽管大学推销自己的最好方式是展示它们最擅长的领域，它们也需要清楚它们与其他大学的不同之处。由此可知大学要弄清楚它们自己的特别之处，所以正确答案是D)。 知识模块：仔细阅读

It is easy to miss amid the day-to-day headlines of global economic

recession, but there is a less conspicuous kind of social upheaval (剧变) underway

that is fast altering both the face of the planet and the way human beings live. That

change is the rapid acceleration of urbanization. In 2008, for the first time in human

history, more than half the world’s population was living in towns and cities. And as a

recently published paper shows, the process of urbanization will only accelerate in the

decades to come—with an enormous impact on biodiversity and potentially on

climate change. As Karen Seto, the lead author of the paper, points out, the wave

of urbanization isn’t just about the migration of people into urban environments, but

about the environments themselves becoming bigger to accommodate all those people.

The rapid expansion of urban areas will have a huge impact on biodiversity hotspots

and on carbon emissions in those urban areas. Humans are the ultimate invasive

species—when they move into new territory, they often displace the wildlife that was

already living there. And as land is cleared for those new cities—especially in the

dense tropical forests—carbon will be released into the atmosphere as well. It’s true

that as people in developing nations move from the countryside to the city, the shift

may reduce the pressure on land, which could in turn be good for the environment.

This is especially so in desperately poor countries, where residents in the countryside

slash and burn forests each growing season to clear, space for farming. But the real

difference is that in developing nations, the move from rural areas to cities often leads

to an accompanying increase in income—and that increase leads to an increase in the

consumption of food and energy, which in turn causes a rise in carbon emissions.

Getting enough to eat and enjoying the safety and comfort of living fully on the grid is

certainly a good thing—but it does carry an environmental price. The

urbanization wave can’t be stopped—and it shouldn’t be. But Seto’s paper does

underscore the importance of managing that transition. If we do it the right way, we

can reduce urbanization’s impact on the environment. “There’s an enormous

opportunity here, and a lot of pressure and responsibility to think about how we

urbanize,” says Seto. One thing that’s clear is that we can’t build cities the way we

have over the last couple of hundred years. The scale of this transition won’t allow

that. We’re headed towards an urban planet no matter what, but whether it becomes

heaven or hell is up to us.

11． What issue does the author try to draw people’s attention to?

A．The shrinking biodiversity worldwide.

B．The rapid increase of world population.

C．The ongoing global economic recession.

D．The impact of accelerating urbanization.

正确答案：D

解析：推断题。题干是关于“什么问题是作者想要人们关注的”，是对文章重点话题的提问。文章首句明确指出有一种不引人注目的社会剧变正在迅速改变地球的面貌和人类的生活方式。接着第二句具体说明这种变化就是 the rapid

acceleration of urbanization，即：城市化的加速。由此可知作者谈论的重点话题就是城市化的快速发展，所以正确答案是D)。 知识模块：仔细阅读

12． In what sense are humans the ultimate invasive species?

A．They are much greedier than other species.

B．They are a unique species born to conquer.

C．They force other species out of their territories.

D．They have an urge to expand their living space.

正确答案：C

解析：细节题。根据题干中的关键词 ultimate invasive species 定位到第三段第一句：Humans are the ultimate invasive species—when they move into new

territory， they often displace the wildlife that was already living there. 破折号后的句子是对前一句的解释，也就是答案所在。由此可知选项C)是正确答案。 知识模块：仔细阅读

13． In what way is urbanization in poor countries good for the environment?

A．More land will be preserved for wildlife.

B．The pressure on farmland will be lessened.

C．Carbon emissions will be considerably reduced.

D．Natural resources will be used more effectively.

正确答案：B

解析：细节题。根据题干中的关键词 poor countries 和 environment 定位到第三段第三、四句：It’s true that as people in developing nations move from the

countryside to the city，the shift may reduce the pressure on land，which could in turn

be good for the environment. This is especially so in desperately poor countries，where residents in the countryside slash and burn forests each growing season to clear

space for farming. 由此可知人们从农村迁移到城市会减少对土地的压力，所以正确答案是B)。 知识模块：仔细阅读

14． What does the author say about living comfortably in the city?

A．It incurs a high environmental price.

B．It brings poverty and insecurity to an end.

C．It causes a big change in people’s lifestyle.

D．It narrows the gap between city and country.

正确答案：A

解析：细节题。根据题干中的关键词 living comfortably 和 city 可以定位到第三段最后一句：Getting enough to eat and enjoying the safety and comfort of living

fully on the grid is certainly a good thing—but it does carry an environmental price.

该句的重点是 but 后的内容，也是答案所在，即：它会付出环境的代价，所以A)是正确答案。 知识模块：仔细阅读

15． What can be done to minimize the negative impact of urbanization

according to Seto?

A．Slowing down the speed of transition.

B．Innovative use of advanced technology.

C．Appropriate management of the process.

D．Enhancing people’s sense of responsibility.

正确答案：C

解析：推断题。根据题干中的关键词 Seto 和minimize the negative impact of

urbanization 定位在最后一段的第二句和第三句。题干中的minimize the negative

impact of urbanization 是对原文 reduce urbanization’s impact on the environment

的同义转换，前面的 If we do it the right way 就是答案所在，其中的 it 代表前句中的 managing that transition，由此可知正确答案是C)。 知识模块：仔细阅读

When Harvard student Mark Zuckerberg launched the facebook. com in Feb.

2004, even he could not imagine the forces it would let loose. His intent was to

connect college students. Facebook, which is what this website rapidly evolved into,

ended up connecting the world. To the children of this connected era, the

world is one giant social network. They are not bound—as were previous generations

of humans—by what they were taught. They are only limited by their curiosity and

ambition. During my childhood, all knowledge was local. You learned everything you

knew from your parents, teachers, preachers, and friends. With the high-quality

and timely information at their fingertips, today’s children are rising above the fears

and biases of their parents. Adults are also participating in this revolution. India’s

normally tame middle class is speaking up against social ills. Silicon Valley

executives are being shamed into adding women to their boards. Political leaders are

marshalling the energy of millions for elections and political causes. All of this is

being done with social media technologies that Facebook and its competitors set free.

As does every advancing technology, social media has created many new problems. It

is commonly addictive and creates risks for younger users. Social media is used by

extremists in the Middle East and elsewhere to seek and brainwash recruits. And it

exposes us and our friends to disagreeable spying. We may leave our lights on in the

house when we are on vacation, but through social media we tell criminals exactly

where we are, when we plan to return home, and how to blackmail(敲诈) us.

Governments don’t need informers any more. Social media allows government

agencies to spy on their own citizens. We record our thoughts, emotions, likes and

dislikes on Facebook; we share our political views, social preferences, and plans. We

post intimate photographs of ourselves. No spy agency or criminal organization could

actively gather the type of data that we voluntarily post for them. The marketers

are also seeing big opportunities. Amazon is trying to predict what we will order.

Google is trying to judge our needs and wants based on our social-media profiles. We

need to be aware of the risks and keep working to alleviate the dangers.

Regardless of what social media people use, one thing is certain: we are in a period of

accelerating change. The next decade will be even more amazing and unpredictable

than the last. Just as no one could predict what would happen with social media in the

last decade, no one can accurately predict where this technology will take us. I am

optimistic, however, that a connected humanity will find a way to uplift itself.

16． What was the purpose of Facebook when it was first created?

A．To help students connect with the outside world.

B．To bring university students into closer contact.

C．To help students learn to live in a connected era.

D．To combine the world into an integral whole.

正确答案：B

解析：细节题。根据关键词 Facebook，first created 和 purpose 定位到第一段的第二句：His intent was to connect college students. 题干用 purpose 替代了

intent，所以其后的 to connect college students，即：为了让大学生互相联系，便是答案。所以正确答案是B)。 知识模块：仔细阅读

17． What difference does social media make to learning?

A．Local knowledge and global knowledge will merge.

B．Students will become more curious and ambitious.

C．People are able to learn wherever they travel.

D．Sources of information are greatly expanded.

正确答案：D

解析：推断题。根据关键词 social media 可以定位到第三段的最后一句：All of this is being done with social media technologies that Facebook and its

competitors set free. 其中的 all of this 是答案，所以要看前面提及的内容。前三句提到正是因为高质量的及时信息，使得印度向来温顺的中产阶级大声疾呼反对社会弊病，硅谷高管因羞愧而让女性加入董事会，政治领导人引领着数百万人参加选举和推动政治事业。由此可知社交媒体与学习不同主要在于其易得的来源，所以正确答案是D)。 知识模块：仔细阅读

18． What is the author’s greatest concern with social media technology?

A．Individuals and organizations may use it for evil purposes.

B．Government will find it hard to protect classified information.

C．People may disclose their friends’ information unintentionally.

D．People’s attention will be easily distracted from their work in hand.

正确答案：A

解析：推断题。根据题干中的关键词 greatest concern 以及题文同序的原则可以定位到第四段第一句：As does every advancing technology， social media has

created many new problems. 题干中的 concern 正是对 new problems的同义替换。接着文章分别列举其产生的问题，诸如中东组织使用信息技术招募新成员并对其洗脑、它会暴露我们和朋友的信息、会让我们受到敲诈等。能将这些信息概括起来的只有选项A，其中既提到组织，又提到个人，所以正确答案是A)。 知识模块：仔细阅读

19． What do businesses use social media for?

A．Creating a good corporate image.

B．Anticipating the needs of customers.

C．Conducting large-scale market surveys.

D．Minimizing possible risks and dangers.

正确答案：B

解析：推断题。本题很难运用关键词直接定位，但是根据题文同序原则，应该在第五段以后。第五段重点在讲政府，与 business 无关。由第六段中的

marketers 可知该段是要找的段落。该段首句提到市场营销者也看到了更大的机会，亚马逊试图预测我们的订单，谷歌依据社交媒体资料试图判断我们的需求。由此可知商业界在用 social media 进行市场调查，以获得顾客的需求。所以正确答案是B)。 知识模块：仔细阅读

20． What does the author think of social media as a whole?

A．It will enable human society to advance at a faster pace.

B．It will pose a grave threat to our traditional ways of life.

C．It is bound to bring about another information revolution.

D．It breaks down the final barriers in human communication.

正确答案：A

解析：观点态度题。这种题的答案一般在最后一段。由该段最后一句话可知作者明确表明自己的态度是非常乐观的，互相连接的人类会找到自我提升的方法。由此可知选项A)是正确答案。 知识模块：仔细阅读