英美文化与英汉翻译(原-)

Part II. Translate the following English into Chinese

1. Martin Luther King (p. 8英美文化与英汉翻译) 马丁。路德。金

“To be a Negro in America is to hope against hope,” wrote Martin Luther King in the last

year of his life. The advance of the black man in the United States, from the position of slave to

that of proud and equal citizen, is slow. The black man’s hopes have often ended in despair.

“Of the good things in life he has about one-half those of whites; of the bad he has twice

those of whites,” wrote Dr. King . half of all black people lived in poor houses. They received

about half as much pay as whites. They had twice as many of their people out of work and twice

as many babies dead for lack of proper care. Allowing for their numbers, twice as many black men

as white fought in the war in Vietnam, and twice as many died in that war. Most black people still

did work that was unpleasant and poorly paid. It was the only work they could get.

“在美国，做一个黑人就等于在无望中抱存一线希望，”马丁· 路德 · 金在他生命的最后一年这样写道。在美国，黑人的社会地位由奴隶上升为自豪和平等的公民，这个发展历程是缓慢的。黑人的希望常常以绝望而告终。

“他所拥有的生活中的幸福只有大约白人的一半；而他所经受的痛苦却是白人的两倍，” 马丁· 路德 · 金博士写道。黑人中的一半都住在破旧的房子里。他们的工资大约是白人的一半。他们拥有两倍于白人的失业人数。他们因缺少适当的照顾而死亡的婴儿是白人的两倍。考虑一下这些数字，两倍于白人的黑人男子在越南战场中作战，两倍于白人的黑人男子在那场战争死亡。大多数黑人仍然做着那些低级，收入很低的工作。这是他们唯一能够找到的工作。

2. Prohibition (p.20英美文化与英汉翻译) 禁酒

There exists in the United States at this time a powerful group of persons who are

specializing in the pursuit of crime on an organized scale. They utilize the latest technologies and

scientific know-how in the conduct of their operations, which span the continent from coast to

coast. Until recently, the most important underworld tycoons came from an older generation,

which won fame during the era of Prohibition. Now, a younger group of persons is striving to

gain greater influence in criminal circles as some of the older criminals are dying out.

美国目前存在一个有很大势力的犯罪团伙，专门有组织地从事犯罪活动。他们利用最新技术和科学知识做案，行踪遍及美国全境。在这之前，最有影响的黑社会老大都是在禁酒时期起家老一辈。现在，一些年事已高的犯罪首领都相继死去，一群年轻人正在犯罪集团中扩大势力范围。

3. Democracy (p. 21英美文化与英汉翻译) 民主

Almost all Americans want to be democratic, but many Americans are confused about what,

exactly, democracy means. How do you know when someone is acting in a democratic---or an

undemocratic –- way? Recently several groups have spoken out with particular bitterness against

the kind of democracy that means equal opportunity for all, regardless of race or national origin.

They act as if all human beings did not belong to one species, as if some races of mankind were

inferior to others in their capacity to learn what members of other races know and have invented.

Other extremists attack religious groups---Jews or Catholics---or deny the right of an individual to

be an agnostic. One reason that these extremists, who explicitly do not want to be democratic, can

get a hearing even though their views run counter to the Constitution and our traditional values is

that people who do want to be democratic are frequently muddled.

几乎所有的美国人都崇尚民主，但是许多美国人并没有搞清民主到底指的是什么。怎么知道某人的行为是民主的还是不民主的呢？最近，一些团体愤愤不平地反对民主，即不分种族国籍人人机会均等的观点。他们这样做就好象说所有的人类并不属于同一种群，好象某些人种在学习其他人种的经验和发明创造的能力不如别人。另外一些极端分子攻击宗教团体—犹太教或天主教--或否认个人信奉不可知论的权利。尽管这些明确表示不想要民主的极端分子的观点与宪法和我们传统的价值观念背道而驰，他们仍然能够得以申诉自己的观点，其原因就是崇尚民主的人们往往是糊里糊涂的。

4. Reconstruction (p. 42英美文化与英汉翻译) 重建

As the Union armies pressed forward Lincoln gave increasing attention to the problem of

restoring peace when victory was achieved. It must be done, he said in his second inaugural

address, “With malice toward none; with charity for all … ” Desiring a speedy reconstruction of

a united republic, he set forth a simple plan. Ten percent of the voters in Confederate state, if they

took an oath of allegiance to the United States, could organize a government and resume their old

place in the federal union. By 1866 several states were putting the plan into operation. But strong

opposition had developed in Congress. Many Republicans believed that such generosity was

unrealistic. They felt that there should be more punishment for Southern traitors and more

protection for freed slaves. The whole question of Reconstruction remained unsettled at the

time of Lincoln’s death.

随着联邦军队向前推进，林肯越来越多地考虑胜利后重建和平的问题。他在第二次就职演讲中说，“重建和平必须不对任何人怀有敌意，而要让每人受惠…” 林肯渴望尽快地重建团结的共和国，提出了一个简便易行的计划。联盟各洲中如果有百分之十的人宣誓效忠美国，这些人就可以组成政府，恢复他们在联邦中原有的地位。到1865年，已经有好几个州将这个计划付诸实施。但是，对此国会中形成了强烈的反对势力。许多共和党人认为如此宽大是不切实际的。他们觉得南方叛国者应当受到更严厉的惩罚，而被解放的黑奴应当受到更多的保护。在林肯去世时，共和国的重建问题仍未解决。

5. Silicon Valley (P. 59 英美文化与英汉翻译) 硅谷

The consequences of a big fall would extend far beyond a dip in the price of Silicon Valley

property and sales of luxury cars. The biggest effect would be felt in the new--issue market. A

number of deals are already being quietly held back. Nobody wants to be the first to pull the plug,

because that would be an admission of weakness. But once one does, expects others to follow. A

month ago, it was rare for a new issue to trade below its offer price. Now, over 40% do. A dozen

offerings from the past year are almost worthless.

硅谷位于美国加州旧金山附近的圣克拉拉县，该地区因集中了一大批半导体公司及新兴的信息产业而声名远播，由于硅谷是制造半导体的原料，所以这个地区便成为“硅谷”。当今信息产业中的许多巨无霸企业多出自该地区，例如，Inter, AMD 等等。同时，硅谷又是一大批网络创业公司的聚集地。这一地区聚集了大批出类拔萃的工程师和众多具有独到眼光

的风险投资家，因而成为高科技信息产业创业者的天堂。位于北京西北海淀区的中关村，由于汇集了众多国内一流的大专院校和科研院所及许多国内知名的信息技术企业，例如联想等，因而成为中国最具增长潜力和人才优势的高科技园区，也被称作“中国的硅谷”。

6. CEO (P. 74 英美文化与英汉翻译) 主管；总管

Optimists argue that time will soon cure these problems. Women are only now reaching the

upper echelons of Corporate America, and some of these women soon could become CEOs. Men

are beginning to get used to women having power on the executive floor, and so are some

boardrooms. “They don’t say; ‘Damn, we put that woman on board, now we can’t go fishing,’”

quips financial journalist Terry Savage, the first and only woman on the board of McDonald’s

Corp.

持乐观态度的人认为时间将会很快解决这些问题。女人从没有像现在这样进入美国大公司的高级管理阶层，而且，她们当中的有些人不久可能成为总管。对女人做高级主管，男人已经开始习惯，同时也开始习惯妇女进入董事会。泰利·萨威奇是麦当劳公司第一个，而且也是唯一的一位女董事，也是金融记者，她不无讽刺地说，“男人们不会说：我们让他妈的那个女人进了董事会，这回我们就不能去钓鱼了”。

7. Bad Debt (P. 77 英美文化与英汉翻译) 呆帐

Bank of America is suffering from its past successes in other ways, too. It had loaned heavily

to foreign governments, farmers, and homeowners. There sectors traditionally hold strong in good

times and bad. But by 1983 hardship had hit from all sides, producing a mountain of bad debt.

Home mortgages were devastated by towering interest rates and risky “creative financing.”

Unprecedented declines in the value of California farmland took the security from the agriculture

loans. Worst of all, Bank of America’s great success in lending to foreign governments came back

to haunt it when those nations began to stall on repayment of their huge loans. Bank of America

suffered losses for five straight years cresting in a $ ee8 million loss for the second quarter of q985,

the second largest quarterly loss in US banking history.

美洲银行在其他方面也尝到了昔日的成功的苦果。它将大笔款贷给外国政府，农场主和住宅业主。这些部门无论在经济繁荣时期还是萧条时期，历来都能保持强势。但是，到了1983年，困难从四面八方袭来，呆账堆积如山。高利率和具有风险性的“新的融资方式”挤垮了住房抵押贷款。加利福尼亚农田价格的空前下滑使农业贷款失去了保障。最糟糕的是，美洲银行贷给外国政府的大笔贷款开始困扰银行，因为这些国家开始拖延偿还巨额贷款。美洲银行连续五年亏损，最严重的一次是1985年第二季度，亏损高达3.38亿元，是美国银行史上的第二大季度亏损。

8. Invisibles (P. 79 英美文化与英汉翻译) 无形输出

insurance companies are also among the most important assets to a nation, for by selling their

services abroad they are contributing to the balance of payments position by earning foreign

currency. A nation that has to import much of what it needs must export as much as possible to pay

for the imports. When the cost of the imports exceeds the income from exports it is said to have an

adverse balance of trade. But the deficit is often made up by money earned on services which are

sold overseas—what are normally called “invisibles’ because they are not goods or

commodities__ and insurance is one of the most valuable sources of invisible earnings to any

nation.

保险公司也是一个国家最重要的资产，因为它们通过在国外提供服务，赚取外汇，来巩固国家的国际收支地位。一个需要进口大量所需商品的国家必须出口尽可能多的商品来补偿进口。当用于进口的费用超出出口所得收入的时候，就是通常所说的出现了贸易逆差。但是，这个亏额通常通过向海外出售服务所得的收入来弥补，也是一般人们所说的“无形输出”，因为它们不是货物，也不是商品。保险是一个国家最重要的无形收益来源之一。

9. Franchise 特许 (P.87 英美文化与英汉翻译)

Rather than rely on one or two ventures, some multinationals are diversifying into a variety

of business. Others are sticking to their core business but diversifying product ranges or the

geographical markets they tackle. Take Yaohan, Japan’s retailing giant for example. Originally it

planned to open a joint venture supermarket in Shanghai selling competitively priced fresh and

packaged foods and drinks to local customers, but eventually as many as 1,000 such stores in the

Yangtze River basin, operated on a franchise basis. Also in the works is a 108,000-square-metre

shopping center in shanghai’s Pudong district, which will be the Asia’s biggest. It will feature a

host of retailers and restaurants, an amusement center and other recreational facilities. To feed its

supermarkets and mammoth shopping center, Yaohan wants to set up a chain of computerized

distribution centers. These will provide a broad selection of goods for both domestic and overseas

buyers as well as various after sales services

一些跨国公司不只依赖一，两种业务，而且还进行多样化经营。也有一些跨国公司固守拳头产品的生产，但是力争是产品的品种多样化，扩展销售市场。以日本零售业巨头八百伴为例，最初他计划在上海开设一家合资经营的超级市场，向当地消费者出售价格具有竞争力的新鲜的包装食品和饮料。但是后来它还是在长江流域开设了多达1000家同类的特许经营商店。与此同时，她正在上海浦东地区修建一个面积108,000平方米的亚洲最大的型购物中心。这个购物中心的特色是拥有多家零售店和餐馆，一个游乐中心和其它娱乐设施。为了给它的超级市场和大型购物中心供货，八百伴意在建立用计算机管理的连锁配送中心。这些配送中心不仅将为国内和海外的客户提供多种商品，而且提供各种售后服务。

10. Green Revolution (P. 90 英美文化与英汉翻译) 绿色革命

The growing doubts about the nature and direction of technological change are a far cry from

the technological optimism that reigned in the fifties and early sixties. In those exciting days,

technology seemed to hold the key to a prosperous new world. The global economy was booming,

humans were making their first tentative ventures into space, the Green revolution seemed to

promise a solution to the world food problem, and nuclear power was being proclaimed as a

source of cheap, clean energy. It was a period when, as former U. S. Secretary of the Interior

Stewart Udall has properly put it, “there were no problems, only solutions” and when misgivings

about technological developments could easily be brushed aside.

人们对科学技术变革的性质和发展方向越来越疑虑，这与五十年代和六十年代人们对科学技术所持的乐观态度可谓是大相径庭。在那些令人兴奋的日子里，科技似乎决定着繁荣的新世界。全球经济快速增长，人们正在尝试进入太空，绿色革命似乎预示着世界粮食问题的

解决，核能被说成是一种价格低廉，清洁的能源。正如美国内务部长斯图尔德·尤斯尔恰当地指出的那样，在那个时期，“没有解决不了的难题”，在那个时期，人们对于有关科学技术发展的担忧很容易被一笑置之。

1. R&D 研究与发展 (P. 92 英美文化与英汉翻译)

For the same reason, marketer’s work has become more complicated. They have to check

into the environmental consequences of the product, its packaging, and its production processes.

They have to raise prices to cover environmental costs, even though this makes the product harder

to sell. At the same time, many managers recognize the importance of respecting the environment.

They include environmental considerations when they make decisions about product ingredients,

design, and packaging. Some companies direct their R&D toward finding ecologically superior

product as the major selling point of the product. For example, Pepsi-Cola developed a one-way,

plastic soft-drink bottle that is biodegradable in solid-waste treatment; and American Oil

pioneered unleaded and low-lead gasoline.

同样原因，市场研究人员的工作变得更加复杂。他们必须研究产品，产品包装及生产工序对环境所造成的影响。他们必须提高产品的价格一支付用于环保的费用，尽管这样做将使产品销售更加困难。同时，许多经理认识到重视环境的重要性。当他们就有关产品成分，设计和包装做出决策的时候，都会考虑到环境因素。有些公司要求他们的研发部门开发有利于生态环境的产品，并以此作为产品的主要卖点。例如，百事可乐研制出一种一次性的，用于装软饮料的塑料瓶。这种塑料瓶可以在固体垃圾处理过程中自行降解。美国石油公司首先采用了无铅和低含铅量汽油。

2. Mega-Retailing 大型仓储式零售 (P. 93 英美文化与英汉翻译)

Beside a main road through the south London suburb of Croydon stand two vast brick towers,

their tops painted in bands of blue and yellow. They are the trademark colors of the giant

home-furnishings chain Ikea, which fills the 22,000-square-meter space below. A little farther

down the road rises another familiar emblem of mega-retailing---Toys “R” Us, with its famous

reversed R. For the British consumer, these landmarks serve as handy beacons for wildly popular

shopping destinations. But for the British retailer, they have become all-too-visible symbols of its

recurring nightmare-an unwelcome future dominated by a new breed of huge, cheap---and

foreign-stores.

在贯穿伦敦南部郊区克罗依顿的一条主干道旁耸立着两座巨大的砖楼，大楼的顶部漆成兰黄相同的条纹。这是大型家居连锁店“宜家”的商标颜色。这家店占据了楼下22,000平方米的面积。沿着这条道往前走得不远处，耸立着另一个为人熟知的大型仓储式商场的标志---Toys “R” Us,那个倒写的字母R是有名的。对于英国消费者来说这些商标是星罗棋布的购物点的标志，但是，对于英国的零售商来说，这些标志却常常醒目地浮现在他们的噩梦中--他们不愿意看到未来的英国零售业被新一代超大型，价格低廉的外国商店所控制。

3. Mortgage (P. 96 英美文化与英汉翻译) 抵押贷款

if you are buying a car, a television, or a washing machine, you may pay for it out of your

savings, or borrow from a bank or hire-purchase company. If you are buying a house, you may get

a mortgage from a building society.

A business needing new machinery, or new premises, has similar options. Some of the costs

can be met from the profits kept in the business—in other words, paid for out of savings –but as a

company grows, this becomes increasingly difficult.

如果你要买一辆车，一台电视机，或一台洗衣机，你可以用你在银行的存款来支付，可以从银行贷款，或按分期付款方式向公司购买。如果要买房子，你可以从房互助协会得到抵押贷款。

需要购买新设备或者新厂房的公司有着同样的选择。其中有些费用可以从公司利润的存款中支付，换句话说，从公司储蓄中支付。但是，随着公司的不断发展，用公司利润来支付这些费用会变得越来越困难。

4. E-Government (P. 107 英美文化与英汉翻译) 电子政府

There is nothing spectacular about Service Arizona, but it is a straw in the Internet wind

that is beginning to blow through government departments and agencies all over the world. Within

the next five years it will transform not only the way in which most public services are delivered,

but also the fundamental relationship between government and citizen. After e-commerce and

e-business, the next Internet revolution will be e-government.

亚里桑纳的公共服务网站没有什么特别惊人之处，但是在互联网旋风中它是显示风向的一根草，这股旋风即将波及全世界所有的政府部门和政府机构。在今后五年里，它不仅将改变大多数公共事业的服务方式，而且将会根本上改变政府和公民之间的关系。即电子商业和电子商务的出现之后，下一次互联网革命将是电子政府。

5. Soap Opera (P. 124 英美文化与英汉翻译) 肥皂剧

But after six months as the primary homemaker, John’s perceptions began to change. “First

of all, there was no beginning or end to the day. You’re on the job all day and all night. It’s hard to

begin any serious adult project because you know the kids are going to interrupt you in a few

minutes—you can’t even count on nap time to read a book.”

The sense of isolation is oppressive, John found, “Nobody knows or cares that you are alive,

except for your family. you are trapped in that house, and every day is the same. You lose track of

what day of the week it is. You get lonely for adult talk. I understand why people watch those

dumb, slow TV soap operas. You can get through a screaming-child emergency an still keep up

with the story.

但是，当了六个星期家庭主妇后，约翰的看法开始改变了。“首先，这一天没头没尾。你没日没夜地工作，很难改点儿大人真正想要干的事。因为你知道孩子一会儿就会来打扰你--连孩子午睡的时候都看不成书。”

约翰发现与外界隔绝的那种感觉是难以忍受的，“谁也不知道也不在意你还是个活人，你不过是为了你的家庭而活着。你被困在那所房子里，每天如此。你不知道今天是星期几，你感到孤独，渴望与成人交流。我理解人们为什么爱看那些没意思，节奏缓慢的肥皂剧，那是因为即使你在听到孩子的尖叫声赶去处理完突发事件后，回到电视机前还能跟上故事情节的发展。”

6.

上海，是一座国际港口城市，是我国近代科技，文化和经济中心。

上海，作为著名的文化教育中心，复旦大学，交通大学， 同济大学和上海医科大学和50所大专院校， 为全国培养了各类人材。遍布市区与郊区的1500多家研究所， 是中国众多新科技，新产品的诞生地。

随着浦东开放和开发的不断深入，越江隧道，越江地铁， 世界斜拉式桥梁中位居世界第一的扬浦大桥和第三位的南浦大桥，把浦东与浦西连成了一片。这颗东海之滨的明珠-上海，将建成国际商业中心， 国际贸易中心和国际金融中心。 她不但对中国的经济和文化将发挥更大的作用，而且对世界，特别是亚太地区经济的发展和繁荣将产生更大更积极的影响。

An international port city, Shanghai is an important economic and cultural center in China. It

is also the seat of many of its important activities in modern science and technology.

Shanghai is an important center of culture and education in China with more than 50

universities and technical colleges such as fudan university, Jiaotong University, Tongji

University , the Shanghai Medical University etc. form which are graduated each year large

numbers of specialists with various kinds of educational and intellectual background. There are

more than 1500 research institutes specializing in different studies and scattered all over urban

Shanghai and the environs. From these are brought forth each year many of the country’s new

technologies and products.

With the opening up and intensive development of Pudong across the Huangpu River from

the Bund, the two banks of the river, referred to often as Puxi (west of the Huangpu) and Pudong

(east of the Huangpu) will be linked up by cross-river tunnels, cross-river underground railway

and two large cable-stayed bridges. Of the two bridges, Yangpu will be the longest of its kind in

the world and Nanpu, the third longest. The City of Shanghai, known in China as the pearl on the

coast of the East China Sea, will develop into an international business, trade and financial center

and thus play a more significant role in the economic and cultural life not only of China but also

of the world, and of the Asian Pacific region in particular.

7.

实际情况是，不管其它大学的实力如何强大，英国社会中许多最令人艳羡的职位都依然被牛津大学和剑桥大学的毕业生所占据。近代的十位首相中的八位都毕业于牛津大学，四名高级法院法官中的三位都来自牛津大学或剑桥大学。三位最高级别的公务员中的两位都是剑桥大学的毕业生。大众传媒界的精英也汇集了众多牛津和剑桥的毕业生。事实上，这家报纸的主编及副主编两人都曾就读于牛津大学著名的玛格德琳学院。

But it remains true that, whatever the strengths of other universities, many of the most

cherished positions in British society are occupied by Oxbridge graduates. Eight of the last prime

ministers went to Oxford. Three out of four senior judges went to Oxford or Cambridge. Two out

of three of the most senior civil servants are Oxbridge graduate. The top ranks of media are heavy

with the products of Oxford and Cambridge. Indeed, both the editor and the deputy editor of this

paper went, to Magdalen College, Oxford.

8.

买东西是一项重要的人类活动。

人们花钱的方式，花钱买的东西能反映出个人的兴趣爱好 (personal taste) 。

但是目前商店顾客却面临着一个令人不知所措和不断迅速变化的形势，这种形势限制了他们自由选择和个性(individuality) 的表现。人们所以会感到不知所措是由于广告的自我吹嘘

(claims)以及对产品信息不恰当的报导。顾客也许会被某种产品或某种材料所吸引，甚至也许会被引诱去买这些东西。 一般这种愿望是压抑不住的。然而他们最终往往会买下一些次品。 他们不仅会买下质量有问题的商品，也有可能会花一大笔钱去买那些根本不需要的东西。

越来越多的商品可供挑选， 这也是使他们不知所措的原因之一。常常他们不知道买什么好，而在商店里犹犹豫豫地兜上好几小时空手而归，但许多时间已被浪费掉了。

Shopping is an important human activity.

The way people spend their money and the objects on which they spend it reflect personal

taste.

Yet shoppers are faced with a confusing and rapidly changing situation which limits their

expression of free choice and individuality. The confusion arises from the claims made by

advertising and from inadequate information about products. The shoppers might become attracted

by a certain product or a certain material, and even be tempted to buy it. Usually the desire is

irresistible. However, they often end up with buying things of an inferior quality. Apart from

picking up a product of questionable quality, they can waste a large amount of money on things

they do not really need.

A wider choice of goods can also confuse them. Not knowing what to buy, they can wander

around the shops for hours and hours, without buying anything, but wasting a great deal of time.