管理类专业学位联考(英语)模拟试卷11(题后含答案及解析)

管理类专业学位联考（英语）模拟试卷11

(题后含答案及解析)

题型有：1. Cloze 2. Reading Comprehension 3. Translation 4. Writing

Cloze

Language is the most astonishing behavior in the animal kingdom. It is the

species-typical behavior that sets humans completely【C1】______from all other

animals. Language is a means of communication,【C2】______it is much more than

that. Many animals can【C3】______. The dance of the honeybee communicates the

location of flowers【C4】______other members of the hive (蜂群). But human

language permits communication about anything,【C5】______things like unicorn (独

角兽) that have never existed. The key【C6】______in the fact that the units of

meaning, words, can be【C7】______together in different ways, according to【C8】

______. to communicate different meanings. Language is the most important

learning we do. Nothing【C9】______humans so much as our ability to communicate

abstract thoughts,【C10】______about the universe, the mind, love, dreams, or

ordering a drink. It is an immensely complex【C11】______that we take for granted.

Indeed, we are not aware of most【C12】______of our speech and understanding.

Consider what happens when one person is speaking to【C13】______. The speaker

has to translate thoughts into【C14】______language. Brain imaging studies suggest

that the time from thoughts to the【C15】______of speech is extremely fast, only 0.04

seconds! The listener must hear the sounds to【C16】______out what the speaker

means. He must use the sounds of speech to【C17】______the words spoken,

understand the pattern of【C18】______of the words (sentences), and finally【C19】

______the meaning. This takes somewhat longer, a minimum of about 0.5 seconds.

But【C20】______started, it is of course a continuous process.

1． 【C1】

A．apart

B．off

C．up

D．down

正确答案：A

解析：文章中通过一个定语从句解释人类语言sets humans…from all other

animals，set…apart from是固定用法，意为“把……区分开”，如：set us apart from

others(使我们在众多……中独树一帜)，同时此表达也符合上下文的逻辑。

2． 【C2】

A．so

B．but

C．or

D．for

正确答案：B

解析：第二个空所在句子中有两个分句，彼此用逗号隔开。根据选项的词汇

类型，知道需要判断上下句之间的逻辑关系，看到后句______it is much more than

that，就知道前半句所说的远远不够。换句话说，后半句需要进行转折，故答案

为[B]。

3． 【C3】

A．transfer

B．transmit

C．convey

D．communicate

正确答案：D

解析：此处空格应该秉承前文的逻辑，即语言除了交流还有其他功能，而这

恰恰将人与动物区分，即动物也可以交流。另外，在动词用法上，本题[B]、[C]、

[D]三个选项都可以表示信息的传播，但是选项[B]和[C]通常只有及物动词用法，

即带宾语，只有选项[D]可以不带宾语，即不及物动词的用法。故答案为[D]。

4． 【C4】

A．to

B．from

C．over

D．on

正确答案：A

解析：根据空格所在句子描述的意思，此处是表达蜜蜂将信息传递给它的同

类communicate…to，介词后面紧跟信息接收对象。故答案为[A]。

5． 【C5】

A．only

B．almost

C．even

D．just

正确答案：C

解析：本句第一个词But提示表达的意思要与上一句构成转折，重点描述人

类传递的信息很不同寻常，通过things like的举例内容可知信息的不同寻常，从

逻辑上要表现程度剧烈，故答案为[C]。

6． 【C6】

A．stays

B．situates

C．hides

D．lies

正确答案：D

解析：本句指出人传递的信息关键点在于语言千般组合，万般含义。固定表

达the key lies in表示“关键在于”。

7． 【C7】

A．stuck

B．strung

C．rung

D．consisted

正确答案：B

解析：本句是说人类语言的意思单元可以变化组合，进而形成不同的意思。

难度在于对选项中几个动词的把握。看选项可知这几个词都是动词过去式／过去

分词，需要还原并回忆相应含义。选项[A]stuck的原形是stick表示“黏住，使

固定”，引申义可以表示“坚持，支持”，虽然可以与together搭配使用，但是句

子要表达的是组成部分的灵活性，而不是“黏在一起，无法分开”，显然不符合

题意。选项[B]strung还原为动词string表示“捆”，string together表示“使……

连贯起来”，符合题意。选项[C]rung是动词ring的过去式／过去分词，表示打电

话，与题意无关。选项[D]consisted虽然可以表示由部分组成整体，但固定搭配

是be consisted with。故答案为[B]。

8． 【C8】

A．rules

B．scales

C．laws

D．standards

正确答案：A

解析：本句承接上文指出人类语言的组成部分要根据语言规则，也就是选项

[A]rules，相当于我们说的语法规律来进行组合。其他三个选项均无法表示该含

义。

9． 【C9】

A．combines

B．contains

C．defines

D．declares

正确答案：C

解析：第二段的第一句概括中心含义，指出语言对人类而言是最重要的一种

后天学习。第二句顺接主题句含义，正因为语言最重要，所以才从根本上界定了

人，即选项[C]defines。选项[A]和[B]分别表示“组合”和“包括”，选项[D]表示

“宣言”，均不符合题意。

10． 【C10】

A．what

B．whether

C．while

D．if

正确答案：B

解析：本句是承接上文指出语言可以帮助人类描述复杂抽象的概念，之后通

过举例说明。可以明显看出句中含有并列结构，即词的并列the universe，the mind，

love，dreams，or ordering a drink。这种罗列带来选择的含义，只有选项[B]whether

可以准确传递无论哪一类抽象信息，人类都可以通过语言传达。

11． 【C11】

A．prospect

B．progress

C．process

D．produce

正确答案：C

解析：本句指出语言是一个非常复杂的过程，但是人们由于习以为常，并没

有给予其足够的重视。本题的难点在于选项有些形似，产生干扰。选项[A]prospect

意为“预期”，选项[B]progress意为“进步”，选项[D]produce意为“生产”。只

有选项[C]process符合题意，故为答案。

12． 【C12】

A．aspects

B．abstracts

C．angles

D．assumptions

正确答案：A

解析：本句是说，认知科学告诉我们，我们对大脑的认识很多方面还处在最

初的探索当中，语言和理解方面的认知科学也有很多方面不为人知。选项

[B]abstracts摘要(复数形式表达可数名词的意思)，[C]angles(角度)，

[D]assumptions(假设)，均不符合题意。

13． 【C13】

A．anybody

B．another

C．other

D．everybody

正确答案：B

解析：根据上下文，作者是在解释人在与他人讲话时大脑活动的复杂性。所

以要表达的意思就是一个人跟另一个人讲话。四个选项中只有选项[B]符合题意。

选项[A]和[D]强调“每个人、任何人”，对作者意思有曲解，选项[C]other不能单

独作名词使用，要想表达类似含义，需要增加词，如other people。

14． 【C14】

A．body

B．gesture

C．written

D．spoken

正确答案：D

解析：本句表达人们在交谈时，首先要把想法转换成语言，但是这个转换过

程非常迅速，既然是在交谈，所以要转换成的语言自然是口语，即spoken

language。选项[A]、[B]和[C]均不符合题意。

15． 【C15】

A．growing

B．fixing

C．beginning

D．building

正确答案：C

解析：结合后句，可以明白作者想要表达时间很短，而这个很短的时间是指

说话者有想法要表达，到谈话对象听到声音，所以只有选项[C]beginning可以界

定这个时间段的边界。即“有想法”到“开口说”之间的时间很短。

16． 【C16】

A．put

B．take

C．draw

D．figure

正确答案：D

解析：根据上下文，特别是空格后面所带的宾语从句，知道作者要表达谈话

对象听到对方说话就需要“琢磨”对方想要表达的意思，所以根据动宾含义上的

提示，判断出本题需要一个可以表达”理解，想出来”含义的动词。空格后面紧

跟的介词out提示这是一个动词短语。四个选项都可以和out组成动词词组，但

意思却大相径庭。选项[A]put out意为“熄灭”；选项[B]take out意为“取出”；

选项[C]draw out意为“拉长”。只有选项[D]符合题意。

17． 【C17】

A．identify

B．locate

C．reveal

D．discover

正确答案：A

解析：文章中17、18、19三个空格所在的句子在描述语言作为一个过程是

如何推进的。所以这三个词分别概括了语言在人与人之间实现信息交流过程中的

三个步骤：第一个步骤对应17题，即听到意思需要辨别是哪个词，对应文中use

the sounds of speech to 17 the words spoken。既然是sounds与words spoken之间

的对应关系，所以需要用选项[A]identify来表示“识别身份”，这里指“某个词”。

选项[B]locate意为“确定位置”；选项[C]reveal意为“将隐藏的东西公布于众”；

选项[D]discover意为“发现真相”，均不符合题意。

18． 【C18】

A．performance

B．organization

C．design

D．layout

正确答案：B

解析：思路同上题，语言表达过程的第二个步骤是要理解这些词或者句子排

列的方式，也就是我们说的语法构成，而四个选项中只有[B]organization才可以

指词或者句子的组成。选项[A]performance(表现)，选项[C]design(设计)，选项

[D]layout(布局)，均不符合题意。

19． 【C19】

A．prescribe

B．justify

C．utter

D．interpret

正确答案：D

解析：语言表达的第三个步骤是在了解词的组合方式之后，揣度其中蕴含的

意思，对应文中and finally 19 the meaning，理解含义也就是“诠释”含义，故选

项[D]interpret正确。选项[A]prescribe(开处方)，选项[B]justify(证明某事是正当

的)，选项[C]utter(发出声音)，均不符合题意。

20． 【C20】

A．since

B．after

C．once

D．until

正确答案：C

解析：文章最后表达，虽然科学家已经大概知道每一个过程的耗时，但是这

些过程还是连续的，根据上下文逻辑，此处应该填入“一旦”谈话开始，就会是

一个连续的过程。故答案为[C]。其他选项明显不符合题意。

Reading Comprehension

Advertising has been among England’s biggest growth industries since the

war, in terms of the ratio of money earnings to demonstrable achievement. Why all

this fantastic expenditure? Perhaps the answer is that advertising saves the

manufactures from having to think about the customer. At the stage of designing and

developing a product, there is quite enough to think about without worrying over

whether anybody will want to buy it. The designer is busy enough without adding

customer-appeal to all his other problems of man-hours and machine tolerances and

stress factors. So they just go ahead and make the thing and leave it to the advertiser

to find eleven ways of making it appeal to purchasers after they have finished it, by

pretending that it confers (授予) status, or attracts love, or signifies manliness. If the

advertising agency can do this authoritatively enough, the manufacturer is in

clover(生活舒适). Other manufacturers find advertising saves them from changing

their product. And manufacturers hate change. The ideal product is one which goes on

unchanged for ever. If, therefore, for one reason or another, some alteration seems

called for, how much better to change the image, the packet or the pitch made by the

product, rather than go to all the inconvenience of changing the product itself. The

advertising man has to combine the qualities of the three most authoritative

professions: Church, Bar, and Medicine. The great skill required of our priests, most

highly developed in missionaries but present, indeed mandatory, in all, is the skill of

getting people to believe in and contribute money to something which can never be

logically proved. At the Bar, an essential ability is that of presenting the most

persuasive case you can to a jury of ordinary people, with emotional appeals

masquerading as logical exposition: a case you do not necessarily have to believe in

yourself, just one you have studiously avoided discovering to be false. As for

Medicine, any doctor will confirm that a large part of his job is not clinical treatment

but faith healing. His apparently scientific approach enables his patients to believe

that he knows exactly what is wrong with them and exactly what they need to put

them right, just as advertising does—”Run down? ”“No one will dance

with you? A will make you popular.” Advertising men use statistics rather

like a drunk uses a lamppost for support rather than illumination. They will dress

anyone up in a white coat to appear like an unimpeachable authority or, failing that,

they will even be happy with the announcement,”As used by 90% of the actors who

play doctors on television.” Their engaging quality is that they enjoy having their

latest ruses uncovered almost as much as anyone else.

21． Advertising are appreciated by manufacturers because they______.

A．advise them on ways of giving a product customer appeal

B．accept responsibility for giving a product customer appeal

C．advise them on the best time to go ahead with production

D．consult them during the design and development stages

正确答案：B

解析：根据题干定位至原文第二段的第三到五句：The designer is busy enough

without adding customer-appeal to all his other problems of man-hours and machine

tolerances and stress factors．So they just go ahead and make the thing and leave it to

the advertiser to find eleven ways of making it appeal to purchasers after they have

finished it，by pretending that it confers status，or attracts love，or signifies

manliness．If the advertising agency can do this authoritatively enough，the

manufacturer is in clover．(设计人员在忙于考虑诸如劳动力时间、机器强度及压

力因素时可以不考虑消费者喜好的因素。所以他们可以只管生产出产品，然后让

广告商通过声称此商品象征身份、地位，能够吸引爱情或是彰显男人魅力等，去

寻找足够的理由来吸引消费者购买。倘若广告商果真能做到足够令人信服，厂家

就可高枕无忧了。)故答案为[B]。

22． The passage tells us that some manufacturers, instead of changing their

product, would prefer to change its______.

A．production cost

B．quality

C．market value

D．appeal

正确答案：D

解析：根据题干定位至原文第三段第四句：If, therefore，for one reason or

another，some alteration seems called for，how much better to change the image，the

packet or the pitch made by the product，rather than go to all the inconvenience of

changing the product itself．(一旦需要改变产品，最好的办法莫过于改变外观形象、

包装或产品定位，而不是不辞辛苦地改变产品本身。)从“改变外观形象、包装

或产品定位”可知答案为[D]。

23． According to the passage, doctors are most successful when they

are______.

A．authoritative

B．logical

C．emotional

D．scientific

正确答案：A

解析：根据题干定位至原文第四段第四、第五句：As for Medicine，any doctor

will confirm that a large part of his job is not clinical treatment but faith healing．His

apparently scientific approach enables his patients to believe that he knows exactly

what is wrong with them and exactly what they need to put them right…(至于医药，

任何一位医生都会确信其工作在很大程度上不是临床治疗，而是信念治疗。他用

看起来科学的方法使病人相信医生确切知道他们的病情所在，以及需要用什么加

以救治……)；以及最后一段的第二句：They will dress anyone up in a white coat to

appear like an unimpeachable authority or…(他们会让随便一个人穿上白大褂、使

其看起来像无可置疑的权威……)故答案为[A]。

24． Advertising men dress people up in white coats because______.

A．it makes their advertisements more conspicuous

B．it makes their advertisements more convincing

C．the majority of TV doctors are dressed up in white coats

D．it makes the actors take the job seriously

正确答案：B

解析：根据题干定位至原文最后一段的第二句：They will dress anyone up in a

white coal to appear like an unimpeachable authority or…(他们会让随便一个人穿上

白大褂，使其看起来像无可置疑的权威……)故答案为[B]。

25． The advertisers’attitude is based on the hope that consumers______.

A．know deep down what they really want

B．are interested in what is being designed

C．are indifferent to what is being advertised

D．are uncritical and easily influenced

正确答案：D

解析：纵观全文，广告商希望消费者没有太多主见，随波逐流，被他们牵着

鼻子走。故答案为[D]。

Some of the concerns surrounding Turkey’s application to join the European

Union, to be voted on by the EU’s Council of Ministers on December 17th, are

economic—in particular, the country’s relative poverty. Its GDP per head is less than a

third of the average for the 15 pre-2004 members of the EU. But it is not far off that

of one of the ten new members which joined on May lst,2004 (Latvia), and it is much

the same as those of two countries, Bulgaria and Romania, which this week concluded

accession talks with the EU that could make them full members on January 1st, 2007.

Furthermore, the country’s recent economic progress has been, according to Donald

Johnston, the secretary-general of the OECD, “stunning.”GDP in the second quarter

of the year was 13.4% higher than a year earlier, a rate of growth that no EU country

comes close to matching. Turkey’s inflation rate has just fallen into single figures for

the first time since 1972, and this week the country reached agreement with the IMF

on a new three-year, $10 billion economic programme that will, according to the

IMF’s managing director, Rodrigo Rato, “ reduce inflation toward

European levels, and enhance the economy’s resilience.” Resilience has not

historically been the country’s economic strong point. As recently as 2001, GDP fell

by over 7%. It fell by more than 5% in 1994, and by just under 5% in 1999. Indeed,

throughout the 1990s growth oscillated like an electrocardiogram recording a violent

heart attack. This irregularity has been one of the main reasons (along with red tape

and corruption) why the country has failed dismally to attract much-needed foreign

direct investment. Its stock of such investment (as a percentage of GDP) is lower now

than it was in the 1980s, and annual inflows have scarcely ever reached $1 billion

(whereas Ireland attracted over $25 billion in 2003, as did Brazil in every year from

1998 to 2000). One deterrent to foreign investors is due to disappear on January 1st,

2005. On that day, Turkey will take away the right of virtually every one of its citizens

to call themselves a millionaire. Six naughts will be removed from the face value of

the lira, one unit of the local currency will henceforth be worth what 1 m are now—ie,

about ￠0.53 ($0.70). Goods will have to be priced in both the new and old lira for

the whole of the year, but foreign bankers and investors can begin to look forward to a

time in Turkey when they will no longer have to juggle mentally with indeterminate

strings of zeros.

26． What is Turkey’s economic situation now?

A．Its GDP per head is far lagging behind that of the EU members.

B．Its inflation rate is still rising.

C．Its economy grows faster than any EU member.

D．Its economic resilience is very strong.

正确答案：C

解析：根据文章第二段第一句，土耳其的经济发展“十分惊人”。紧接着，

作者以数据说明土耳其本年度第二季度的GDP增长a rate of growth that no EU

country comes close to matching，可见其经济发展速度超过其他任何欧盟成员。

故答案为[C]。

27． We can infer from the second paragraph that______.

A．Turkey will soon catch the average GDP level of the 15 pre-2004 EU

members

B．inflation rate in Turkey used to be very high

C．Turkey’s economy will keep growing at present rate

D．IMF’s economic program will help Turkey join the EU

正确答案：B

解析：根据文章第二段Turkey’s inflation rate has just fallen into single figures

for the first time since 1972可知“土耳其的通货膨胀率自1972年以来首次跌进个

位数”，这说明以前的通货膨胀率都在两位数甚至更高，是非常高的数字。故答

案为[B]。

28． The word “oscillated” (Paragraph 3) most probably means______.

A．fell

B．climbed

C．developed

D．swang

正确答案：D

解析：这个词的意思可以根据文中第三段所用的明喻判断出来。文中说，20

世纪整个90年代，土耳其的GDP增长就好像“猛烈的心脏病发作时的心电图一

样”，可见GDP增长时高时低，峰谷之间的差异较大，所以oscillated最有可能

的意思就是“摆动，震荡”，只有swang的意思与之相符，故答案为[D]。

29． Speaking of Turkey’s foreign direct investment, the author implies

that______.

A．it’s stock is far less than that of other countries

B．it does not have much influence on Turkey’s economic progress

C．steady GDP growth will help Turkey attract more foreign direct investment

D．Turkey’s economic resilience relies on foreign direct investment

正确答案：C

解析：根据文章第三段This irregularity has been one of the main

reasons．．．why the country has failed dismally to attract much-needed foreign direct

investment可知，GDP的不规律性是导致土耳其难以吸引外国直接投资的主要原

因，可见稳定的GDP增长有助于土耳其吸引更多的外国直接投资。

30． We can draw a conclusion from the text that______.

A．foreign investment environment in Turkey will become better

B．Turkey’s citizens will suffer heavy loss due to the change of the face value of

the lira

C．the local currency will depreciate with the removal of six naughts from the

face value

D．prices of goods will go up

正确答案：A

解析：文章在第一段和第二段介绍土耳其经济的快速增长。第三段分析了过

去不能吸引外国直接投资的主要原因之一：经济发展不规律性。文章最后一段介

绍了将取消妨碍外国投资者的一个因素。由此可见，土耳其的外国投资环境将变

得更好。故答案为[A]。

The giant Mirafiori plant in Turin is the heart of Fiat Auto, the troubled car

division of the Fiat group. As the early shift trooped home at 2 pm on October 9th, the

mood was pessimistic. The workers knew that the bosses were meeting union leaders

later that afternoon in Rome to announce 8,100 job cuts across the group’s car

factories. This is on top of 3,000 job losses announced earlier this year. Workers

expect one-third of Mirafiori’s 12,000 employees to be gone by next July. Fiat says

that all but 500 of the total are temporary lay-offs, to last about a year. But the morose

workers passing through Mirafiori’s gates doubt that the jobs will ever come back,

whatever the firm says about new models and future investment. Fiat Auto will

lose around € 1 billion ($987m) this year, wiping out profits in other parts of the

group, which makes everything from lorries and tractors to robots. Fiat’s bosses have

been in denial for years about the company’s massive over-capacity, the cause of

growing losses as sales slumped. Five years ago Fiat Auto made 2.6m cars a year and

profits of ￠ 758m. Since then it has recorded a loss in every year bar one. This year

it will produce barely 1.9m cars. Its banks forced a restructuring in May, and the chief

executive of its Fiat group parent had to resign a few weeks later. The pain is bad

enough in northern Italy, where unemployment is barely 4%, but it will be felt more

elsewhere. The Termini Imerese plant in Sicily is to lay off 1,800 workers. Unions say

that cuts among suppliers could double the number of people hit. The local official

jobless rate is already 18% (though this ignores a lively “informal” economy). This is

posing a nasty problem for the government of Silvio Berlusconi, which polled

strongly in Sicily but is not inclined to aid troubled firms. Fiat’s belated

willingness to take tough steps to align capacity with demand is down to the group’s

new boss, Gabriele Galateri, chosen in June to rescue the firm, which is 30% owned

by Agnelli family interests. His aim is to restore credibility, arrest the alarming plunge

in the company’s share price and persuade the banks that he is sorting out the Fiat

Auto mess, so as to win their support for a further recapitalisation. Closely

watching this Italian drama are bosses of General Motors, owners of 20% of Fiat Auto.

The Italians have an option to sell the remaining shares to GM from January 2004.

GM, which has its own problems in Europe, is desperate for Fiat Auto to sort itself out

before it can be forced to take over. Although the Agnelli family patriarch, the ailing

81-year-old Gianni Agnelli, is opposed to such a sale, most analysts expect that Italy’s

proudest manufacturing company will end up in American hands.

31． The workers in Fiat’s plant were pessimistic because______.

A．the car division of the Fiat group was in trouble

B．new models and future investment promised no hope of getting their jobs back

C．there will be heavy job losses in the giant Mirafiori plant

D．they were facing the threat of losing their jobs

正确答案：D

解析：文章第一段提到，工厂老板将和工会领导就裁员的问题进行会晤，并

宣布大批裁员，这是一年之内的第二次大规模裁员。虽然公司许诺大多数人只是

暂时被解雇，但工人们怀疑工作是否还会回来。可见，令他们悲观的是自己将被

解雇。

32． We learn from the second paragraph that______.

A．the market demand for Fiat cars now is far lower than it was five years ago

B．Fiat Auto is the only part of the group that is running at a loss

C．Fiat Auto is selling cars more than they can produce

D．the cause of Fiat’s trouble is the sluggish Italian economy

正确答案：A

解析：文章第二段提到菲亚特汽车公司五年前生产260万辆汽车仍然能够盈

利，而现在只生产190万辆汽车，可见菲亚特汽车的市场需求比以前下降很多。

33． According to the text, Fiat’s job cuts

A．trigger a wave of job cuts in other companies

B．become a headache of Italian government

C．double the number of jobless people in northern Italy

D．force Italian government to aid it

正确答案：B

解析：根据文章第三段，菲亚特裁员将会使地方失业率上升，让不想援助困

难公司的贝卢斯科尼政府犯难(pose a nasty problem)。可见菲亚特公司裁员成了

令意大利政府头痛的事情。

34． Which of the following is NOT a measure Fiat Auto took to combat

growing losses?

A．Preventing share price from falling

B．Laying off workers

C．Reducing production

D．Replacement of the boss

正确答案：A

解析：文中谈到菲亚特汽车公司的问题时，也谈到了相应的措施(尽管没有

直接说明)，如裁员、换总裁、减少产量等。防止股价下跌是新任总裁制定的目

标。这和措施不能混为一谈。

35． We can draw a conclusion from the last paragraph that

A．Fiat Auto can hardly solve its own problems

B．GM will be happy to buy the remaining shares of Fiat Auto

C．the Agnelli family has a final say to whether Fiat Auto should be sold out

D．Americans are better at running car companies

正确答案：A

解析：根据文章最后一段，GM希望菲亚特自己把问题解决好，免得由GM

接管。然而大多数分析人士认为菲亚特公司最终将落人美国人的手里，也就是说

菲亚特的问题已经不是自己能够独立解决的了。故答案为[A]。

Thanks to slumping markets, investment banks are shedding many of their

highly-paid traders. When markets recover, the banks might be tempted to replace

them with rather cheaper talent. One alternative has been around for a while but has

yet to catch on: autonomous trading agents—computers programmed to act like the

human version without such pesky costs as holidays, lunch breaks or bonuses.

Program trading has, of course, been done before; some blamed the 1987 stockmarket

crash on computers instructed with simple decision-making rules. But robots can be

smarter than that. Dave Cliff, a researcher at Hewlett-Packard Laboratories in

Bristol, England, has been creating trading robots for seven years. In computer

simulations he lets them evolve “genetically,” and so allows them to adapt and fit

models of real-world financial markets. His experiments have suggested that a

redesign of some markets could lead to greater efficiency. Last year, a research group

at IBM showed that Mr Cliff’s artificial traders could consistently beat the human

variety, in various kinds of market. Nearly all take the shape of an auction. One

well-known type is the English auction, familiar to patrons of the salesrooms of

Christie’s and Sotheby’s, where sellers keep mum on their offer price, and buyers

increase their bids by stages until only one remains. At the other extreme is the

Dutch auction, familiar to 17th-century tulip-traders in the Netherlands as well as to

bidders for American Treasury bonds. Here, buyers remain silent, and a seller reduces

his price until it is accepted. Most markets for shares, commodities, foreign exchange

and derivatives are a hybrid of these two types: buyers and sellers can announce their

bid or offer prices at any time, and deals are constantly being closed, a so-called

“continuous double auction.” Mr Cliff’s novel idea was to apply his evolutionary

computer programs to marketplaces themselves. Why not, he thought, try and see

what types of auction would let traders converge most quickly towards an equilibrium

price? The results were surprising. In his models, auctions that let buyers and sellers

bid at any time like most of today’s financial exchanges were less efficient than ones

that required relatively more bids from either buyers or sellers. These “evolved

auctions” also withstood big market shocks, such as crashes and panics, better than

today’s real-world versions. Mr Cliff’s most recent results, which will be presented in

Sydney, Australia, on December 10th, show that the best type of auction for any

market depends crucially on even slight differences in the number of buyers and

sellers. Bank of America has been investigating these new auctions, along with

robotic traders, for possible use in electronic exchanges. The hope is that today’s

financial auctions and online marketplaces might work better by becoming more like

their English and Dutch forebears. But what to call such multi-ethnic hybrids? Here’s

introducing the “Cliffhanger.”

36． The passage is mainly______.

A．a review of two kinds of auctions

B．an introduction of trading robots

C．a survey of the trading market

D．about trading alternatives

正确答案：B

解析：判断文章主旨要从文章整体来把握。文章第一段说明机器人交易员可

以替代人类从事交易工作。接下来作者介绍了其研发过程及其模拟的几种拍卖形

式以及它在拍卖中的表现，最后一段对这种机器人交易员的前景进行了展望，可

见全文都是在介绍机器人交易员。故答案为[B]。

37． Which of the following is true according to the text?

A．David’s robot traders have now been used in real-world markets.

B．Robot traders can evolve like creatures.

C．There is room for improvement in efficiency in trading markets.

D．The English auction is the most popular trading form.

正确答案：C

解析：根据文章第二段第三句a redesign of some markets could lead to greater

efficiency可知“对某些市场进行重新设计可能会大幅提高效率”。可见，交易市

场仍然有提高效率的空间。

38． If you were trading American Treasury bonds, you would most likely take

the trading form of______.

A．the English auction

B．the continuous double auction

C．the Dutch auction

D．the evolved auction

正确答案：C

解析：文章第三段介绍荷兰式拍卖时说它是“今天竞拍美国国库券竞标人所

熟悉的一种拍卖形式”。可见，如果交易美国国库券，最有可能采用荷兰式拍卖

方式。

39． We can infer from the text that______.

A．existing auctions can not withstand market shocks

B．the Dutch auction is better than the continuous double auction

C．it’s hard for traders to reach an equilibrium price

D．the best type of auction takes place when the number of the buyers is equal to

that of sellers

正确答案：B

解析：根据文章第四段克里夫的研究发现，现今大多数金融交易中所采用让

买卖双方随时竞价的拍卖方式比那些需要买卖双方提出更多竞价的模式效率要

低下。可见荷兰式的拍卖方式比连续双向拍卖好。这也可以从文章最后一段判断。

40． Toward robot traders, the writer’s attitude can be said to be______.

A．biased

B．objective

C．pessimistic

D．optimistic

正确答案：D

解析：作者的态度可以通过材料的选择和措辞来判断。在第一段，作者指出，

机器人交易员不同于程序交易，是聪明的交易员(robots can be smarter than that)。

接着在第二段，作者介绍了一个研究小组的成果：这种机器人交易员可以在各种

市场上击败真人交易员(…consistently beat the human variety，in various kinds of

market)。可见，作者对机器人交易员持积极乐观的态度。

Read the following text and choose the best answer from the right column to

complete each of the unfinished statements in the left are two extra

choices in the right column. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)

Take much of what you know about how the best executives make decisions. Now,

forget it. For instance, we all “know” that tight deadlines lead to inspiration. Except

they often don’t. Instead, they typically are counterproductive—making people less

creative precisely when they need to be. Or most of us assume that when we try to

solve problems, we’re drawing on the logical parts of our brains. But, in fact, great

strategists seem to draw on the emotional and intuitive parts of their brain much more.

Here’s a closer look at some of the discoveries researchers have made. Want

innovation? Be wary of deadlines. We often think a deadline can help us shake off

inertia and focus on getting a job done. But the brain research suggests precisely the

opposite is true. A deadline, instead, more often limits our thinking and can lead to

much worse decision making. Richard Boyatzis is a professor in Case Western

Reserve University. He—along with others—has found that a tight deadline increases

people’s urgency and stress levels. “The research shows us that the more stressful a

deadline is, the less open you are to other ways of approaching the problem,”he says.

“The very moments when in organizations we want people to think outside the box,

they can’t even see the box.” Does that mean companies should get rid of

deadlines? In most cases, that’s not realistic. So Srini Pillay, an assistant clinical

professor at Harvard Medical School, suggests that companies help employees reduce

stress and access the creative parts of the brain even when they’re under pressure.

Big unknowns lead to bad choices. The ticking clock of a deadline isn’t the only

kind of pressure that makes for bad decisions. So does uncertainty, such as feeling that

your job or your company’s future is under threat. Srini Pillay cites a study that

discovered that feelings of uncertainty activated brain centers associated with anxiety

and disgust, and that such concerns naturally lead to certain kinds of decisions. “In

times of uncertainty,” he says, “you start acting out of that sense of doom and gloom.”

Good thinkers look past facts. Everybody is aware of the revered image of the

hardheaded decision. maker, who goes after cold facts. But researchers are finding the

truth is much more complex; The best leaders seem to lean on their emotions much

more than logic. Roderick Gilkey, a professor of management at Emory University,

conducted a study with colleagues to look at what happens when executives are

making strategic decisions. For example, a good strategic thinker would pay

attention to emotional reaction and think through the full, long-term impact of the cuts

on things like employee morale, retention and productivity. The result might be a

different way of improving profitability. “When you’re making a decision in an

organization, you also need to think about people and their reactions,”says David

Rock, director of the research organization NeuroLeadership Institute. “A lot of the

strategies that go wrong are because managers haven’t thought through what happens

when this hits people.”

41．

正确答案：F

解析：根据题干关键词定位在文章第四段。该段首先介绍了Richard Boyatzis

的身份，然后说明他和其他研究者的发现，最后是他自己表达的观点：研究显示，

期限越紧，你就越难想到解决问题的其他途径。所以[F]项中的deadline、stress

和solving the problems是文中the more stressful a deadline is…approaching the

problem的同义复现，故[F]项“最后期限会加大你找到解决问题途径的压力”为

正确选项。

42．

正确答案：C

解析：根据题干关键词Srini Pillay和suggests定位在文章第五段。该段的前

两句自问自答，得出结论——公司取消最后期限是不现实的，故[B]项表述错误，

为干扰项。该段接着指出哈佛医学院助理临床教授Srini Pillay的观点，他“建议

公司帮助员工减压，使他们即使在重压之下仍能‘访问’大脑的创意区”。所以

[C]项“公司帮助员工使大脑中的创造力区域保持活跃”是文中观点的同义转换，

故[C]项为正确选项。

43．

正确答案：A

解析：文章在第七段第二次出现Srini Pillay并含有其观点和看法。该段第一

句提到Srini Pillay援引了一项研究，并指出该研究的发现。紧接着就是Srini Pillay

的观点，即“在不确定的时刻，你会在那种无望感的驱使下行动”。所以[A]项中

的in uncertain situations、make reactions和based on the sense of pessimism是文中

In times of uncertainty、acting和out of that sense of doom and gloom的同义复现。

所以[A]项为正确选项。[G]项是文中a study的同位语中的宾语成分，是对研究

内容的具体阐述，并非是Srini Pillay的直接表达，故排除。

44．

正确答案：E

解析：根据题干关键词定位在文章第八段。该段末句指出“埃默里大学的管

理学教授罗德里克-吉尔基与同事共同展开了一项研究，考察管理者制定战略决

策时的脑部活动”。[E]项是原文内容的重现，考生很容易匹配对应的内容，故[E]

项为正确答案。

45．

正确答案：D

解析：根据题干关键词定位在文章最后一段。该段是研究机构

NeuroLeadership Institute的主管戴维-罗克对于“善于决策的人不拘泥于事实”观

点所持的赞成态度。他表示：“当你在组织中制定决策时，你还需要考虑组织里

的人和他们的反应。许多战略之所以出问题，是因为管理者没有充分考虑决策会

对人产生什么影响。”故[D]项“当你做决定时，你应该有用他人的视角看问题的

能力”符合文义，为正确答案。

Translation

46． Think this way, it’s your inability to resist cheesecake that’s making it

tough to fit into your skinny jeans? Well, a new study shows your bacteria may share

some of the blame. Because the new study in mice reveals that the response of

intestinal microbes to a high-fat diet ends up triggering the release of a hormone that

makes mammals feel hungry, causing them to eat even more. The finding is served up

in the journal Nature. Previous work has shown that the types of bacteria in the gut

in diabetic or obese individuals are different from the bacteria in healthy people. But

does this bacterial makeup contribute to these disorders? Or is it just a side effect?

To unravel this mystery, researchers put mice on a high-fat diet. As a result, the

animals experienced a buildup of a chemical called acetate (醋酸盐), particularly in

the large intestine.

正确答案： 设想一下，你很难穿上紧身牛仔裤是因为你无法抗拒奶酪蛋

糕的缘故吗?其实，你体内的细菌可能要承担部分责任。 一项在小鼠身上进行

的新研究表明，肠道细菌对高脂肪饮食的反应会最终引发荷尔蒙的释放，使哺乳

动物感到饥饿，导致它们吃得更多。该项发现已经刊登在《自然》杂志上。此前

的研究表明，糖尿病患者或者肥胖群体肠道中的细菌类型与健康人的不同。但是

这种细菌组成会导致这些疾病吗?还是只是一种副作用? 为了解开这个谜团，

研究人员让小鼠食用高脂肪饮食，结果发现动物体内会生成一种名为醋酸盐的化

学物质，这种物质尤其会堆积在大肠中。

Writing

47． Suppose you had been admitted by a famous university for postgraduate

education. Your friend, Jack, wrote a letter to congratulate you, and ask advice on how

to prepare for the postgraduate entrance exam. Write him a reply to 1) thank him;

2) give your advice. You should write about 100 words on the ANWSER SHEET.

Do not sign you own name, use “Li Ming “ instead. Do not write your address.

正确答案：Dear Jack, Thank you for your congratulation. You asked me to

offer some advice with regard to preparation for the postgraduate entrance exam. Now,

I want to give you several suggestions. First of all, nothing would be more

important to plan your ideal college and your review schedule in advance. Second,

keeping a good shape by regular exercise is a sure-fire way to make your study more

efficient. Last but not least, you are suggested to never give up even if sometimes you

would feel extremely tired and depressed. I guess I will quit writing now. I hope

you will find these suggestions helpful. I am looking forward to your

sincerely, Li Ming

48． In this section, you are asked to write an essay based on the following

chart. In your writing, you should 1) Interpret the chart, and 2) Give your

comments. You should write at least 150 words. Write your essay on the

ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)

正确答案： The pie chart gives information about the employment attribution

percentage of college graduates of 2016 in our country. As we can see, 60 percentage

of college graduates went to private enterprise, accounting for the largest share.

State-owned enterprise takes the second place, occupying 19%. The remaining part is

made up of foreign corporation and others, with 8%, 13% respectively. The trend

may be rooted in the following reasons. First and foremost, there is no doubt that this

phenomenon has much to do with the high salary and flexible working hours that

private corporations could offer. Second, people’s traditional consciousness to prefer

working at state-owned enterprise has changed gradually, which makes graduates no

longer make the state-owned corporation a priority. Last but not least, if we look hard

enough, we’ll find that government policies to promote the development of private

enterprise are also the contributing factor. To sum up, it is difficult to judge

whether going to private enterprise for college graduates is good or bad. It depends on

the unique situation of themselves. College graduate should find which kind of

corporation suits them best.