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Chapter 9 Psycholinguistics心理语言学
一、本章纲要
Chapter 9 Psycholinguistics
1. The biological foundations of language
1.1 The case of Phineas Gage
1.2 The human brain
1.3 Brain lateralization
2. Linguistic lateralization
2.1 Left hemispheric dominance for
2.2 Dichotic listening research
3. The language centers
3.1 Broca’s area
3.2 Wernicke’s area
3.3 The angular gyrus
3.4 Language perception, comprehension
4. The critical period for language
4.1 The critical period hypothesis
4.2 The case of Genie and the
5. Language and thought
5.1 Early views on language and thought
5.2 The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
5.3 Arguments against the Sapir-Whorf
5.3.1 Words and meaning structure
5.3.2 Grammatical
5.3.3 Translation
5.3.4 Second language acquisition
5.3.5 Language and world views
5.4 Understanding the relation of
5.4.1 Major functions of language
5.4.2 The development and blending of
5.4.3 Thinking without language
5.4.4 Language as a conventional coding
5.4.5 The ways in which language affects
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二、本章重点
(2005，单选；2007，名词解释) Psycholinguistics is the study of language in relation to the mind. As the term
suggests, it is viewed as the intersection of psychology and linguistics, drawing equally upon the language we
acquire, produce and comprehend, and the mind or brain in which our linguistic and cognitive faculties are
localized and organized, and interact with each other in particular ways. Our linguistic capability depends
largely on the structure and dynamics of the human brain. 心理语言学主要从心理的角度对语言进行研究，
目的在于揭示人类是如何掌握语言，说出语言和理解语的，语言与思维的关系等一系列问题。
1. The biological foundations of language语言的生理基础
（2005，判断）Our linguistic ability is a biological gift of the species’ gene program. 人类不需要课堂教学就
可以自然习得自己的母语。人类有语言能力的主要原因不可能是人有声带，因为其它动物也有声带。人
类的语言能力主要依赖人脑结构和人脑的机制。人类大脑的左半球的某些区域比右大脑相应的区域要大，
这是人类大脑所特有的特征。由此，人们相信人类的语言能力有其生理基础。
The case of Phineas Gage盖奇案例
(2007，单选) The view that the brain is the source of human language and cognition goes back over 2000 years.
19世纪中叶,菲尼亚斯• 盖奇由于工伤事故大脑前部损伤严重，但是他的感知能力、语言能力和理解能力
都没有受到明显的影响。
（2008，单选）盖奇案例使得研究人员认为如果支配语言活动的中枢是在大脑的话，那么显然它不在大
脑的前部。
大脑的表面， 即大脑皮层， 布满了上百亿个神经原(neurons)。将人与动物区别开来的认知能力都集聚在
大脑皮层上（cerebral cortex）。
大脑分为左半球和右半球。将大脑两个半球相连的是神经路径(nerve pathway)。通常大脑左半球控制着人
体右半身的活动， 大脑右半球则控制着人体左半身的活动。
The human brain人的大脑
Human brain contains an average of ten billion nerve cells named neurons. The most important part of the brain
is the outside surface of the brain called cerebral cortex (大脑皮层).
（2002，填空）The brain is divided into two roughly symmetrical halves, called hemispheres, one on the right
and one on the left. The nerve pathway connecting two hemispheres coordinates their activities.
（2006，2008，判断）In general, right hemisphere controls voluntary movements of, and responds to signals from,
the left side of the body, vice versa.
Brain lateralization大脑的侧化
（2005，填空）The localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain is
called lateralization.
The process of lateralization is believed to be maturational (发展成熟的过程). Although many maturational
processes are not uncommon in the biological development of other species, brain lateralization appears to be
specific to human beings. It is a commonly held view that lateralization is an evolutionary precondition of
the development of superior intelligence as well as a precondition of language acquisition.
（2004，判断）Psychological research shows that both hemispheres perform important, mental functions and
they differ only in the manner in which they treat incoming stimuli.
大脑的认知等功能的分工过程叫作大脑侧化。脑力活动功能的分工有一个发育成长的过程。大脑单侧化
的功能是人类大脑所特有的。左大脑和右大脑都参与人类重要的智能活动，只是在处理所接收的刺激信
号的方式上有所差异。它们之间的关系是一种相互依赖、互为补充的关系：如： （单选，判断）
Left hemisphere Right hemisphere
language and speech perception of nonlinguistic sounds
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