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2024年6月18日发(作者：web前端开发百度云)
By far the most common genetically modified (GM) organisms are crop plants. But the
technology has now been applied to almost all forms of life, from pets that glow under
UV light to bacteria which form HIV- blocking "living condoms" and from pigs bearing
spinach genes to goats that produce spider silk.
到目前为止最常见的转基因生物体是农作物。然而，这项技术现在已经应用于几
乎所有形态的生命,从宠物在紫外线照射下发光到构成HIV-blocking 的“活的安全
套”的细菌,从继承菠菜基因的猪到生产蜘蛛丝的山羊。
GM tomatoes, as puree, first appeared on British supermarket shelves in 1996 (a
different fresh GM tomato first appeared in the US in 1994), but the consumer furore
that surrounded GM technology did not erupt until February 1999. This was
because a controversial study suggested that a few strains of GM potatoes might be
toxic to laboratory rats. Those experiments, subsequently criticised by other experts,
were carried out in Scotland by biochemist Arpad Pustzai.
转基因西红柿酱, 在1996年第一次出现在英国的超市货架上 (1994年不同的新
鲜番茄在美国首次出现),但直到1999年2月消 费者对基因技术的愤怒才爆发。
这是因为一个颇有争议的研 究表明,几株转基因土豆可能对实验室老鼠有毒。那
些随后被 其他专家批评了的实验由生化学家Arpad Pustzai在苏格兰进行。
What followed was a European anti-GM food campaign of near religious fervour.
Spearheaded in the UK by environmental groups and some newspapers, the
campaign would have far-reaching consequences. It culminated in an unofficial
moratorium on the growth and import of GM crops in Europe and led to a trade
dispute with the US.
随之而来的是一场接近宗教狂热的欧洲反对转基因食品运动。在英国环保团体和
一些报纸的带领下,这场运动将 产生深远的影响。非官方的禁止转基因作物的成
长和进 口在欧洲达到了高潮并且导致了与美国的贸易争端。
GM crops are today very rare in Europe, strict labelling laws and regulations are in
place for food (DNA bar codes), and public opinion towards the technology remains
largely negative.
Several UK government reports have offered qualified support for GM crops and
produce, though they argue that the economic benefits of the technology are currently
small. Some African nations have also opposed engineered crops, even to the point
of rejecting international food aid containing them.
今天在欧洲转基因作物是非常罕见的, 在食品有严格的标签法律规定（DNA 条码）
但对技术的公众舆论仍然在很大程度上是消极的。几个英国政府报告说已经提供
合格的支持转 基因作物生产,尽管他们认为目前此技术的经济效益很小。一些非
洲国家也反对转基因作物,甚至到了拒绝包含他们的国际 粮食救援的程度。
GM produce has been taken up with far less fuss in the US (where it does not have to
be labelled), India, China, Canada, Argentina, Australia and elsewhere. However
controversy over a type of GM corn - only approved for animal feed - which turned up
in taco shells and other products stirred opinion in the US.
转基因产品在美国 (它不需要被贴标签)，印度， 中国，加拿大，阿根廷，澳洲
以及其他的地方不 用大惊小怪。 然而关于墨西哥玉米饼壳和其他产 品的一种
转基因玉米的争议激起的意见，只批准 把作为动物饲料。
The human race has methodically improved crop plants through selective breeding for
many thousands of years, but genetic engineering allows that time-consuming process
to be accelerated and exotic traits from unrelated species to be introduced. But not
everyone agrees this is represents progress.
人类通过几千年的选择性育种有条不紊地改善作物，但基因工程使这费时的过程
加快和引进无关 物种的外来特征。但并非每个人都同意这个代表进步。
The root of genetic engineering in crops lies in the 1977 discovery that soil bug
Agrobacterium tumefaciens can be used as a tool to inject potentially useful foreign
genes into plants. With the help of that microbe, and other gene-implantation
technologies such as electroporation, and gene guns, geneticists have developed a
multitude of new crop types.
作物基因工程的根源在1977年发现土壤微生物可以作为一种工具使用，将潜在
有用的外源基因注入植物。在微生物和其他如电穿孔和基因枪的基因植入技术的
帮助下，基因学家得到了大量的新作物种类。
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