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2024年4月12日发(作者：java在线学习免费)
SL (source language): the language in which the text being translated is written.
TL (target language): the language which is being translated into.
ST (source text): the text (written or spoken) which provides the point of departure for a
translation.
TT (target text): a text which has been produced by an act of translation.
SL-oriented translation: a translation which puts its emphasis on the close transfer of the
source text.
TL-oriented translation: a translation which puts emphasis on the response of the
receptor of the TT.
Back translation: a process in which a text that has been translated into the target
language is retranslated into the source language.
Coherence: the way in which the content of connected speech or text hangs together, or
is interpreted as hanging together, as distinct from that of random assemblages of sentences.
Cohesion: the connection between successive sentences in texts, conversations, etc., in
so far as it can be described in terms of specific syntactic units.
Communicative translation: a term used to refer to any approach which views translation
as a “communicative process which takes place within a social context”; it will be generally
oriented towards the needs of the TL reader or recipient.
Semantic translation: a translation in which the translator attempts, within the bare
syntactic and semantic constraints of the TL, to reproduce the precise contextual meaning of
the author; it tends to strive to reproduce the form of the original as closely as TL norms will
allow.
Correspondence: a term used to refer to the relationship which exists between elements
of SL and TL that are in some way considered to be counterparts of each other.
Equivalence: (see
correspondence
)
Faithfulness: A faithful translation is one which bears a strong resemblance to its ST,
usually in terms of either its literal adherence to source meaning or its successful
communication of the “spirit” of the original.
False friend: a term used to describe SL and TL items which have the same or very similar
form but different meanings.
Formal equivalence: a term used to refer to a TL item which represents the closest
decontextualized counterpart to a word or phrase in SL.
Functional equivalence: a term used to refer to the type of equivalence reflected in a TT
which seeks to adapt the function of the original to suit the specific context in and for which
it was produced.
Literal translation: a translation in which the SL grammatical constructions are converted
to their nearest TL equivalents, but the lexical words are translated singly, out of context.
Free translation: a translation which reproduces the matter without the manner, or the
content without the form of the original.
Idiomatic translation: a translation which reproduces the “message” of the original but
tends to distort nuances of meaning by preferring colloquialism and idioms where there do
not exist in the original./ a translation strategy which aims for a TT which reads as naturally as
possible.
Overtranslation: According to Newmark, if the loss of meaning in translation entails an
increase in detail, it is termed overtranslation.
Undertranslation: According to Newmark, if the loss of meaning in translation entails an
increase in generalization, it is termed undertranslation.
Pragmatic translation: a term used to refer to translation which pays attention not only to
denotative meaning but also to the way utterances are used in communicative situations and
the way we interpret them in context.
Sense-for-sense translation: a translation which emphasizes transfer of the meaning or
“spirit” of an ST over accurate reproduction of the original wording.
Word-for-word translation: a translation in which the SL word-order is preserved and the
words are translated singly by their most common meanings, out of context.
Simultaneous interpreting: one of the two basic modes of interpreting in which the
interpreter listens to an SL speech and reformulates it in TL as it is delivered.
Consecutive interpreting: one of the two basic modes of interpreting in which the
interpreter listens to a section of a speech delivered in SL and renders it into TL when the
speaker pauses.
Translatability & untranslatability: terms used to discuss the extent to which it is possible
to translate either individual words and phrases or entire texts from one language to another.
Unit of translation: the linguistic level at which ST is recodified in TL./the minimal stretch
of language that has to be translated together, as one unit.
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