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2024年4月12日发(作者：python声明变量类型)
1.
Testing
: Testing often takes the ‘pencil and paper’ form and it is usually
done at the end of a learning period. The result is often expressed by a mark, a
grade or a ratio.
2.
Evaluation:
Evaluation can be concerned with ‘a wide range of issues in and
beyond language education: lessons, courses, programs, and skills can all be
evaluated.’ It involves making an overall judgment about one’s work or a whole
school’s work.
3.
Bottom-up model
: It follows a linear process from the recognition of letters
to words, to phrases, to sentences, to paragraphs, and then to the meaning of the
whole text.
4.
Interactive model:
During the reading process, our mind by interacting with
the printed page---its words, phrases, sentences, as well as the context it provides
can be stimulated and a proper schema will be activated to allow us to relate the
incoming information to already known information.
5.
Denotative meaning:
Denotative meaning of a word or a lexical item refers
to those words that we use to label things as regards real objects, such as a name
or a sign, etc. in the physical world. This is usually the primary meaning of a word
and may seem relatively easy to learn.
6.
Collocations:
Collocations refers to words that co-occur with high frequency
and have been accepted as ways for the use of words. It is believed that teaching
word collocations is a more effective way than just teaching one single word at a
time.
7.
Assessment:
Assessment involves the collecting of information or evidence
of a learner’s learning progress and achievement over a period of time for the
purposes of improving teaching and learning. It is not based on one test or one
task, nor is it expressed by a mark or grade, but rather in a report form with scales
or levels as well as description and comment from the teacher.
8.
Education:
Education comes from the Latin verb
educare
, which means to
‘bring out’. In other words, teachers should try to bring out the full potential of
their students as human beings, so they can live meaningful, fulfilling and
responsible lives.
9.
Top-down model:
in teaching reading, the teacher should teach the
background knowledge first so that students equipped with such knowledge will
be able to guess meaning from the printed page. This process of reading is said to
follow the top-down model.
10.
Total Physical Response:
this method of teaching concentrates on learning
language by listening and responding physically to commands or directions.
11.
Connotative meaning:
A connotative meaning of a word refers to ‘the
attitudes or emotions of a language user in choosing a word and the inference of
these on the listener or reader’s interpretation of the word.
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