常用前缀的小结

常用前缀的小结(2010-11-16 15:51:35)转载▼标签： 教育

“a-”：①古英语前置词on的缩写形式，含义为“在…之上”，“在…之中”，“进入到…”，“到…”，构成一个谓语或状语成分：aside等；②古英语前置词of的缩写形式：afresh; anew等；③少数情况下不指动作的全过程，只涉及其终结：abide (by)等；④ab的异体字，用在字母p和v之前。“ab”含义为“从，离开”，含义相当于off：absent; abstract；⑤ad的异体字，亦作a-, ac-, af-, ag-, al-, an-, ap, ar-, as-, at-等。通常有“向；增加，增长”的含义，相当于off：absent; abstract。需要和介词构成搭配；⑥an的异体字，通常有“无，缺少”的含义：anecdote等。

“be-”：含义为“附近，到处，周围”，有强调的意味，也常有轻蔑，贬低的意味。常用使不及物动词、名词、形容词等变为及物动词。“bi, by”为其非强调形式。

“com-”：表示“与”，“共”，“合”，“全”，“完整”，“相关”等，有co-, con-, col-, cor-等变体形式。

“contra-”：①“反对”，“相反”，“针对”：contrast等；②“低”，“下”。

“counter-”：①“反对”，“相反”，“针对”，“面对”，“响应”等；②“补充”，“对应”，“类似”，“报答”等；③“替代”，“副本”等。

“de-”：①“否定”，“取消”，“相反”，“颠倒”：decentralize；②“向下”，“下降”：decline；③“离开，脱离”（di-,dis-为变体形式）：derail, detrain；④“完全地（加强语气）”（dia为变体形式）：defunt, denude等；⑤ 异体字“di”含义为“经过”，“在…之间”，“越过”，“属于”。

“di-”：①“二”；②异体字“dia”，“彻底”，“完全的”；③异体字“dia”含义为“经过”，“在…之间”，“越过”，“属于”。

“dis-”：①否定或相反的含义（见de-, un-）；②“除去的”，“分开的”，“离开”；③存在变体“bi”：“完全地”；④ 变体“di”近似“bi”，含义为“二”。

“en-”：该前缀存在“em-”等变体。①“在里面”，“进入”，“放进”，“放在…上面”；②“使”，“使成为”，“使处于…状态”；③加在动词的前面，使它们成为及物动词；如果本身就是及物动词，则赋予它们及物的符号。

“epi-”：①“在…上面”，“在…之上”；②“在…旁”，“在…附近”；③“在…之前”，“在…之后”。

“ex-”：该前缀存在“e-”，“ec-”，“ef-”，“el-”，“em-”，“is-”等变体。①“出自”，“从”；②有时还有相反或否定的含义；③该前缀含有“全部地”，“彻底地”的含义。

“fore-”：①“前”，“先”，“预”；②前部的；（位置）在上的；③变体为“for-”：“离去”，“极度”，“过度”，“不当”。

“in-”：①（有变体en-; em-; im-; ir-等）与动词结合，起及物与强调作用；②（有变体ig-; il-;

im-; ir-等）具有反义和否定的作用，可以自由地和英语单词结合构成新词，尤其可与英语的形容词及其派生词、名词结合。

“inter-”：含义主要有：“在…之间”，“在…之中”，“相互地”，“在一起”。

“intra-”：含义主要有：“在内”，“进入”，“向内”。

“meta-”：含义主要有：“继…后”，“带有”，“同…一道”，“超过”，“在…中间”，“位于…后”等。其他前缀“ortho-”以及“para-”有类似的用法。

“mis-”：①单纯的否定；②“坏”，“误”，“错误”，“不正确的”等。

“non-”：通常起到单纯的否定作用。

“ob-”：变体形式为“o-”，“oc-”，“of-”，“op-”等。①含义为“向”，“到”，“在…上面”，“在…上空”，“对…”等；②现在用来表达“逆”，“反”，“非”，“倒”等。

“out-”：出现于各种意义的复合词中，亦可构成许多及物动词，表示在某种指明的行动中的超出、超越或胜出。

“over-”：出现于各种意义的复合词中，尤用于下列含义：“超过界限”，“过度”，“过分”，“太”，以构成动词、形容词、副词和名词。

“para-”：①含义为“旁”；有时还有“附近”，“超越”，“侧面”，“偏差”等含义；②含义为“保护”，“防护”，“防止”，“为防止…而作好战斗的准备；避开…（危险）”等。

“per-”：变体为“pol-”。①“通过”，“彻底地”，“完全”，“十分”等；②“高”，“过”等。

“peri-”：含义为“大约”，“附近”，“周围”，“超过”等。

“post-”：含义为“后…”，“次…”等。

“pre-”：①含义为“在前…”；②“在…之前”，“早的”，“预先的”，“在前的”以及其他的比喻用法。

“pro-”：变体形式为“pur-; por-”。①含义为“亲”，“赞成”，“偏袒”，为“anti-”的对立面；②表示“在空间或时间上优先”，尤其包含“向前进，向前或向外突出”等；③常加在不用作词的词干前面。

“re-”：①“回复，回报，相互”：repay, restore, react, revenge；②“又，再，重新，反复”：remarry, reappear, retell；③“反对，对立”：rebel, repel, resist；④“在后，往后”：recall, remain,

repent, retard, revert；⑤“退隐，隐秘”：recluse, reticence；⑥“离开，放掉，去，下”：resign,

repress等。

“se-”：含义主要有：“离去”，“离开”，“往侧面移动，离开”。

“sub-”：变体形式有“su-”，“suc-”，“suf-”，“sug-”，“sum-”，“sup-”，“sur-”，“sus-”等。①“在…下面”，“在…下方”等；②“轻微地”，“不完整”，“近乎”等；③“次要的”，“次要的”，“附属的”。

“super-”：变体形式为“sur-”等。①“上”，“超”等；②“上面”，“超出”，“另外”，“过度”等。

“syn-”：①“与”，“共”，“同”，“合”等；②“同时”等；③“相同”，“相像”，“相似”等。

“trans-”：①“横过”，“穿过”，“超越”，“贯通”，“通过”，“切地改变”，“横断”等；②“切”等。

“un-”：①“不”，“非”，“未”等；②构成动词的前缀，在英语中用法自由，表示相反的动作或状态，或去除，剥夺或解脱。

“under-”：前缀定语性用法，表示：①（地点或位置）“在…下”，“低于”等；②（级别或地位）“次于”，“低于”；③（程度，范围或数量）“低于”，“少于”或“不足”等。

“with-”：①“往回，离去”：withdraw；②“反对，对抗”：withhold, withstand。

特别提示】在英语语言历史演变的过程中，单词的词形和词义都会发生或多或少的变化，但是“万变不离其宗”。词根、词缀是构成英语单词的元素，了解、牢记和把握这些元素，可以牢固地掌握单词的意义，达到事半功倍的学习效果。对于应试的读者，词根在篇章中所起到的一致性和连贯性的作用更是非同小可。本词根表中，出现的词汇仅仅为考试大纲词汇表所要求的，但是如果掌握好这些词根，也同样为将来的学习打下了坚实的基础。

“-acer-/-egr-”: sour; sharp（酸；锋利）→acid; acute; acrimony; eager; vinegar

“-act-/-ag-”: do; perform; drive（做；行为；冲）→act; action; actor; activate; activity; agency;

agent; agenda; agitate; essay; exact; interact; react; transaction; activist*; agile*

“-aer-/-air-”: air; mist（空气）→aerial; aeroplane; airplane; aerobics; air; aircraft; airline; airport

“-aesm-/-aesti-”: estimate; value（估计）→aim; estimate; esteem

“-agri-/-ager-”: field; land（田野；地）→agriculture; agrarian; pilgrim

“-add-/-dere-/-agger-”: heap; put（堆积；放置）→add; additional; addition; exaggerate

“-agon-”: struggle; anguish（痛苦）→agony

“-aisl-/-isle-”: wing（翼）→aisle

“-ali-/-alt-/-el-”: foreign; other; (change)（外；其他；变化）→alien; alter; alternate; altruism;

else; elsewhere; unalienable*; adulterate*

“-alti-/-alto-”: high; top（高；提高）→altitude; alto; enhance; old

“-am-/-ama-/-ami-”: love（爱）→amateur; amiable; enemy

“-ambi-”: going around（走动）→ambassador; ambiguous; ambition; ambulance; amble

“-amplus-”: spacious（大；宽敞）→ample; amplify; amplifier

“-anima-”: life; breath; mind（生命）→animal; animate; unanimous; animate*

“-ann-”: years（年）→anniversary; annual

“-ante-/-ant-/-anti-”: before（前；之前）→anticipate

“-apt-/-ept-”: fit; fitted; suitable; fasten（适当；紧）→apt; adapt; adaptation; inept

“-arc-”: bow（弓）→arch

“-archi-”: chief（主要）→architect; architecture

“-arm-”: weapon（武器）→arm; alarm

“-art-/-arti-/-ert-”: craftsmanship（艺术；技艺）→art; artist; artificial; inertia

“-aster-/-astr-”: stars（星星）→astronaut; disaster; disastrous

“-atmo-”: vapor（气）→atmosphere

“-auc-/-aug-/-auth-”: increase; growth（增加）→auction; augment; author; authority; auxiliary

“-aud-/-aur-/-edi-”: hear; hearing; ear（听）→audience; audit; aural; obedience; obedient; obey

“-auto-/-auth-”: self; genuine（自己；真正的）→authentic; automate; automobile; automatic;

automation

“-avan-/-aban-/-ante-”: set out before（前）→advance; advanced; advantage; disadvantage;

vantage

“-avia-”: bird（鸟）→aviation

“-balk-/-balc-”: beam; ridge（横梁；阻碍）→balcony

“-ball-/-bull-/-bu-/-bow-/-pill-”: dance; globe（球；圆）→ball; ballet; balloon; bowl; bowling;

bubble; bulb; bull; bullet; bulletin; bully; pill

“-band-/-bend-/-bond-/-bind-/-bunc-”: join; combine (limit)（结合；限制）→abandon; ban; band;

bandage; bend; bind; bond; binding; bound; boundary; bunch*; bondage*

“-bank-/-bench-/-banqu-”: bench（长凳“过去为金融交易的地方”）→bank; bankrupt; bench;

banquet; bench

“-bar-”: stick; rod（长木条）→bar; barrel; embarrassment

“-bas-/-bass-”: of low height; pedestal（基础）→base; baseball; basic; basis; database

“-bat-/-bar-/-bell-”: club; hit（木棍；打击）→bar; barrel; barrier; bat; battery; battle; combat;

debate; batter*; belligerent*; abate*; baton*; billiard*; rebuke*

“-bene-/-bon-”: good（好；善）→benefit; beneficial; bonus

“-bi-/-bin-/-bo-”: two; twice（二；两；双）→binary; balance; bicycle; billion; biscuit; both;

combination; combine

“-biblio-”: books（书）→Bible; bibliography

“-bill-/-bull-”: seal; document; boss（玉玺；印章）→bill; bulletin; bull; bully

“-bio-/-bi-”: life（生命）→biography; aerobics

“-blam-/-blasm-”: blaspheme（亵渎）→blame; blaspheme*

“-brac-”: arms（双臂）→brace; bracket; brake; embrace

“-bread-/-breed-/-brib-”: crumb; morsel（面包）→bread; breed; bribe; bribery

“-break-/-breach-/-brick-”: break（打破）→break; breach; brick; brisk

“-brev-/-brief-”: short（短；简）→brief; brevity

“-bri-/-brill-”: shine（闪耀）→bright; brighten; brilliant

“-cal-/-car-/-char-”: heat（热量）→calm; calorie; carbon; charcoal; coal

“-camp-/-champ-”: field; plain; battlefield（战场；田地）→camp; campus; campaign; champion

“-can-/-chan-/-cap-/-cat-/-chief-”: ①small vessel; tube; ②head; chief（小容器；管/头；首）→achieve; cabbage; can; canal; candy; canoe; cannon; cap; cape; capital; capitalism; captain;

cattle; chapter; cheek; chef; chief; choke; escape; channel; *cane; canyon*; cunning*; uncanny*

“-cap-/-cab-/-cip-/-cas-/-cach-/-chas-/-ceiv-/-cept-/-ceit-/-cup-” : take; catch; seize; realize;

contain; hold（拿；抓；捕；握）→anticipate; accept; capture; captivity; cable; capable; capacity;

capsule; captive; captivity*; case; cash; cashier; cassette; catch; cater; chase; conceive; concept;

conception; cop; copy; deceive; deceit; except; exception; occupation; occupy; participate;

perceive; prince; receipt; receive; reception; recipe; reciprocal; recover; recovery; susceptible;

capricious*; capsize*; conceit*; recuperate*; apperceive*; caption*; covert*; disciple*;

encapsulate*; precept*; preoccupy*; receptacle*

“-car-/-char-”: cart; carry; wagon; load（车；载）→car; career; cargo; carpenter; carriage; carrier;

carry; cart; charge

“-card-/-chart-”: paper（纸）→card; chart; charter

“-cav-”: cave; hollow（洞穴）→cave; cavity*; concave*

“-ceal-/-cel-/-cul-”: hide（躲藏）→conceal; occult*

“-cel-/-cell-/-celer-”: rise up; swift; high（升高；快速）→excel; excellent; accelerate; decelerate;

culminate*

“-cent-/-cens-/-chant-”①: sing; song; chant（歌唱）→accent; charm; chorus; incentive; cant*;

enchant*

“-cent-”②: a hundred; hundredth（百；百分之一）→cent; centigrade; century; centimeter

“-cent-/centr-”③: center（中心）→center; central; concentrate; eccentric

“-cern-”: mingle with; mix（混合）→concern; discern; discreet; decree*

“-cerp-/-carp-”: select; pluck（选择）→excerpt; scarce; scarcely

“-cert-”: ①certain; ②strive; work（确证/争取）→ascertain; certain; certainly; certainty;

concert; uncertainty; certificate; certify; decertify*

“-cess-/-ceed-/-ced-/-ces-”: move; go（行，走，动）→access; ancestor; cease; cheese; concede;

concession; exceed; exceedingly; excess; precede; precedent; preceding; predecessor; procedure;

proceed; proceedings; process; procession; recede; succeed; success; successful; succession;

successive; successor; incessant*; deceased*

“-chai-/-cait-”: chain; link（联系）→chain

“-chiev-/-chef-/-chief-”: head; conclusion（头，首）→achieve; chef; chief; mischief

“-cid-/-cad-/-cas-/chans-”: fall（下降；降落；天意）→accident; case; casual; casualty; chance;

cheat; coincide; coincidence; decay; incidence; incident; incidentally; occasion; occasionally;

recidivism*; decadent*

“-circ-/-cycle-”: round; ring（圆；环）→bicycle; circle; circuit; circular; circulate; circumstance;

circus; cycle; cylinder; recycle; search

“-cis/-cid-”: cut（剪，砍，剁）→cement; concise; decide; decision; precise; precisely; precision;

scissors; suicide

“-cit-/-civ-”①: citizen（公民）→citizen; city; civil; civilian; civilize; civilization

“-cite-/-cit-”②: rouse; summon; excite; stimulate（唤；召；激）→cite; excite; excitement; exciting;

recite; entice*

“-claim-/-clam-”: shout; call; appeal（呼，唤，争）→acclaim; claim; exclaim; proclaim; reclaim;

declaim*

“-clar-/-clear-”: clear（清楚，清晰）→clarity; clear; declare; declaration

“-class-”: rank; fleet（队，级）→class; classify; classified; classification

“-clim-/-climb-”: ladder（梯）→climax; climb

“-clim-/-clin-”: incline; tend; bend（倾，弯）→climate; climax; decline; incline

“-clud-/-claus-/-clos-”: close; shut（关，闭，合）→clause; close; conclude; conclusion; disclose;

enclose; enclosure; exclude; exclusive; include; inclusive; preclude; secluded*

“-cogn-/-quain-/-gnos-/-know-/-gnor-/-gna-”: to know perfectly（认知）→acquaintance;

cognitive; acknowledge; diagnosis; ignorance; ignorant; ignore; know; knowledge; narrative;

noble; notice; noticeable; notify; notion; notorious; recognition; recognize; cognition*; quaint*

“-colo-/-cole-/-cult-”: farm; settlement; cultivate; inhabit（殖，植）→agriculture; colony; colonial;

culture; cultivate; cult*

“-commo-/-commu-”: general; universal; share（共，普，享）→common; communicate;

communication; community

“-contra-/-counter-”: against; opposite（反对，对抗）→contradiction; contrary; contrast; country

“-cord-/-cor-/-cour-”: heart; gut（心，内脏）→accord; cord; cordial; core; courage; discourage;

encourage; record; recorder

“-coupl-/-cop-”: birth; pair（结子；连接）→couple

“-corp-/-corpus-”: body（身体）→corporate; corporation; incorporate

“-cosm-/-kosm-”: universe; order; world（宇宙，世界）→cosmic

“-count-”: count; calculate; compute（计，算，数）→account; accountant; count; counter; county;

discount

“-coup-/-cop-”: cut; to strike（剪，击）→coupon

“-cours-/-cor-/-cur-”: run; flow（跑，流）→corridor; course; current; currency; curriculum;

discourse; excursion; hurry; incur; intercourse; occur; occurrence; recur; recourse*

“-covr-/-cover-”: cover over（覆盖）→cover; discover; uncover

“-creat-”: make; produce（产生；创造）→create; creation; creativity; creature; creationism;

recreate

“-cred-”: credit; faith（相信）→credential; credit; discredit; credible; credulous; grant; incredible;

creed*

“-cres-/-creas-/-cruit-”: grow（增加，增长）→concrete; crew; decrease; increase; increasingly;

recruit; crescent*

“-crim-”: verdict; accusation（裁决，判决；指控）→crime; criminal; criminologist*

“-crimin-/-cris-/-crit-/-cros-/-crux-”: ①cross; ②divide; decide; able to discern（十字形；分开，区分）→cross; crucial; cruise; // crisis; criteria; discriminate; discrimination; crusade*

“-crop-”: sprout; craw（萌芽；芽）→crop; cruise

“-crud-/-crud-/-crue-”: press; hurry（血腥，粗糙；敦促；急迫）→crude; cruel; cruelty; crowd

“-cuit-/-cuis-”: cook（烹饪）→biscuit

“-cum(u)-/-cil-”: heap up（堆积）→accumulate; council; coil; cull*

“-cur-/-car-/-cher-”: care; dear（关心；珍爱）→accurate; accuracy; care; careful; caress; charity;

cherish; cure; curious; secure; security; charity*; precarious*

“-cus-/-curs-”: curse（诅咒）→accuse; curse; excuse

“-damn-/-demn-/-temn-”: damn（谴责）→condemn; contempt; damage; damn; danger

“-day-/-dai-”: day（日；天）→dial; daily; day; diary

“-dec-/-deci-”: ten（十）→dean; decade; December; decimal

“-dece-/-deco-”: ornament（教堂装饰）→decent; decorate

“-demo-”: people; folk（民；民众）→democracy; democratic; epidemic; demography*

“-dense-”: thick（厚；浓）→condense; dense; density

“-deterior-”: worse（更糟糕）→deteriorate

“-di-/-du-/-doub-/-dub-”: two（二，两，双；怀疑，可疑）→dilemma; double; dubious; duplicate;

dual*; doubt; doubtful; undoubtedly

“-dic-”: fix（固定；决定）→addict

“-dic-/-diti-/-dex-/-doc-/-dox-”: ①speak; ②teach; show; belief（说；教，信仰）→condition;

contradict; contradiction; contradictory; dedicate; dictate; dictation; discipline; index; indicate;

indication; predict; verdict; //doctor; doctrine; document; orthodox; paradox; indict*;

jurisdiction*; docile*; dogma*

“-digni-/-divi-/-divu-/-dei-”: god; worth; merit（神；价值，优点）→divine; dignity; indignity*;

disdain*

“-domai-/-domi-”: lord（贵族；封地）→domain; dome; domestic; dominant; dominate;

domineering*; dauntless*

“-dorm-/-diz-/-doz-/-daz-”: sleep; quiet; lull; weak（睡眠；眩目；安静）→dazzle; dizzy; doze;

dormant; dormitory; daze*

“-dot-/-dote-/-don-/-dat-/-dos-/-dit-”: give; grant（给予；授予）→anecdote; donate; dote; data;

date; dose; dosage; edit; editor; edition; editorial; endow; pardon; render; tradition; treason;

update; up-to-date

“-drain-/-dry-/-drou-”: dry（干燥）→drain; draught; dry; drought; drug; draw; dredge*

“-dram-/-dras-”: do; perform（做；履行）→drama; dramatically; drastic

“-dress-”: direct; straight; arrange（直接；安排）→address; dress

“-drift-/-drive-”: float（漂移）→drift

“-duc-/-duct-/-doc-”: lead（领，导）→conduce; conduct; deduce; dock; educate; education;

induce; introduce; introduction; produce; product; production; productivity; reduce; reduction;

reproduce; seduce*

“-due-/-dev-/-deb-”: owe（欠）→debt; due; duty; endeavor; undue; unduly*; dues*

“-dur-/-duur-”: last; harden（延续；艰辛）→door; durable; duration; during; endurance; endure;

indulge

“-dare-/-durr-/-turr-”: venture; dare（冒险）→dare

“-ease-/-aise-”: comfort; to relieve（安逸；减轻）→disease; ease; easy; uneasy

“-eco-”: life; environment; money（生命；环境；金钱）→ecology; economic; economical;

economics; economy

“-equa-”: to equal; level（平等；等同）→adequate; equal; equality; equation; equivalent

“-ern-”: energetic; activity（能量；活动）→earnest; energy

“-err-”: wanderer; to err（偏移；过错）→erroneous; error

“-esse-/-ens-/-esse-/-est-”: to exist; to be（存在）→absent; absence; entity; essence; interest;

presence; present; presently; represent; representative

“-eston-/-stun-”: strike with thunder（打击；惊异）→astonish; pierce

“-et-/-eat-/-ed-”: eat（吃）→eat; eatable; edible

“-ethn-/-ethno-”: nation; race（民族；种族）→ethnic

“-exam-/-exem-”: weigh; take out（掂量；取样）→exam; examination; example; sample

“-exo-/-ext-”: outside（在外）→exotic; exterior; external; extra; extreme

“-fabr-/-forg-”: workshop; craftsman（制作；工艺）→fabric; fabricate; forge

“-face-/-fac-/-fect-/-fic-/-fy/-feas-/-fair-/-feat-”: to do; to make; // easy; facile（做，作，制；容易）→affair; affect; benefit; beneficial; to certificate; defeat; defect; deficient; effect; effective;

efficiency; efficient; exemplify; face; fact; factor; factory; fashion; fashionable; feasible; feat;

feature; fiction; infect; infection; office; officer; official; perfect; perfection; proficiency; profit;

profitable; suffice; sufficient; superficial; surface; faction*; // difficult; difficulty; facilitate; facility;

faculty; facet*; prefecture*; profiteering*

“-fail-/-fal-/-faut-”: to disappoint; deceitful（失误，失望；欺骗）→fail; failure; fall; false; fault;

fell

“-faint-/-faind-”: sluggish; feigned; idle（闲游）→faint

“-fari-/-fame-/-fate-/-face-/fabu-/-phec-/-fess-/-fit-”: speak; narrative（说，讲，谈）→confess;

confession; fable; fabulous; fame; famous; fate; fatal; infant; preface; profess; profession;

professor; professional; prophet; fabulous* fudge*

“-fasc-”: bewitch; charm; an enchantment（着迷）→fascinate

“-fav-”: protect; show kindness to（庇护；善意）→favor; favorite; favorite

“-feb-”: weep; to be lamented（哀泣）→feeble

“-fend-/-fence-/-fens-”: protect; shield; strike（保护）→defend; fence ; offence; offend; offensive

“-fer-/-far-/-fert-/-ford-”: bring; take; carry; to bear (birth)（带，拿，载，承担）→afford;

affordable*; confer; conference; cf; differ; different; difference; differentiate; ferry; fertile;

indifferent; infer; inference; metaphor; offer; prefer; preferable; preference; refer; reference;

suffer; transfer; translate; deferential*

“-feri-/-feru-”: low; below（漂移）→inferior

“-fid-/-fait-/-fed-/-fy-”: trust; confidence（信任，相信）→confide; confident; confidence; defy;

defiance; faith; faithful; federal; federation; diffident*

“-fier-/-feru-”: wild; savage（野蛮）→fierce

“-fil-”: son, brother（儿子，兄弟）→affiliate

“-fin-”: end; limit（端点；限制）→confine; confinement; define; definite; definition; definitely;

fine; final; finance; financial; fine; finish; finite; infinite

“-fir-/-foc-/-fue-/-fur-/ ” : fire; rage（火，热；愤怒）→fire; fiery; focus; fuel; furious; furnace;

fury

“-firm-/-firm-/-farm-”: make firm; settle（稳健，稳固）→affirm; confirm; farm; firm

“-flat-/-flar-”: blow（吹，）→inflate; inflation; deflate*; deflation*

“-flex-/-flect-”: bend（弯曲，折）→flexible; reflect; reflection

“-flic-”: strike→（打击，撞击）conflict; afflict; inflict*

“-flu-/-flu-/-flo-”: flow; wave（流动；波动）→affluent; float; flow; flood; fluctuate; fluent; fluid;

flush; fly; influence; influential; overflow; superfluous

“-fod-/-fos-”: dug up; dig（挖，掘）→fossil

“-fori-”: outside（外部；外围）→foreign; foreign; forest; forum

“-form-”: form; shape; fashion（形式，形状，方式）→conform; conformist; form; formal; format;

formation; formula; formulate; inform; reform; transform; deform*

“-fort-/-fors-”: ①chance；②strong（天意；强大，力量）→fortune; fortunate; misfortune; //

comfort; comfortable; uncomfortable; effort; enforce; force; reinforce; fortitude*; fortress*;

fortify*

“-fostr-”: feed; food（食物；滋养）→foster

“-frac-/-frag-”: break（打破，破裂）→fraction; fracture; fragile; fragment

“-fray-”: frighten; disturb（惊异；打扰）→afraid

“-front-”: forehead（额头）→confront

“-func-/-fung-” : perform; discharge（功用）→function

“-fund-/-found-”: bottom; deep; melt; cast（底；深）→found; foundation; fund; fundamental;

profound

“-fus-/-fut-/-fund-”: mingle; mix; pour; beat（混合；倾倒）→confuse; diffuse; fund; fuse; futile;

refund; refuse; refusal; transfuse*

“-gage-”: pledge（保证，誓言，抵押）→engage; engagement

“-gard-/-guard-”: look; watch; see（关注，认知）→disregard; guard; regard; regarding; regardless

“-genus-/-gene-/-gine-”: origin; race; produce; breed; talent; contrive; kind（起源；产生；创造；种类）→degenerate; engine; engineer; engineering; gender; gene; general; generalize;

generate; generation; generator; generous; genetic; genius; genuine; homogeneous; ingenious;

congenital*; genre*

“-gest-”: carry; to bear; bring（载；拿）→digest; gesture; register; suggest; suggestion;

gesticulate*

“-graph-/-gram-”: writing（写）→bibliography; biography; autobiography; diagram; program;

calligraphy*

“-grat-/-gree-/-grac-”: rejoice; pleasure（快乐；高兴）→agree; agreement; agreeable;

congratulate; disgrace; grace; grateful; gratitude; greet; greeting; ingratiate*; gratis*

“-grav-/-grave-/-grie-/-gret-”: make heavier（变得沉重）→aggravate; grave; gravity; grieve; grief;

regret; grievance*

“-gress-/-grad-/-gree-/-greg-/-gru-”: step; go; flock（步伐；走；聚合）→aggressive; aggression;

congress; degree; grade; gradual; graduate; progress; progressive; segregate; upgrade;

transgress*; gregarious*

“-guise-”: manner（方式）→disguise

“-gust-/-gous-”: taste（品味；胃口）→disgust

“-hab-/-hib-”: hand; hold (forth); have; living condition; dress; character（拿；持；生存；穿戴）→able; disable; exhibit; habit; habitat; heave; heavy; inhibit; prohibit; *rehabilitate; inhibit*;

cohabit*

“-hale-”: whole; pull; draw; breathe（吸；拉）→haul; heal; health; healthy; inhale

“-hanc-/-haut-”: high; raise（高度）→enhance

“-hand-/-haur-/-haus-”: seize; draw（手；取；拿；抓）→exhaust; hand; handbook; handicap;

handkerchief; handle; handsome; handwriting; handy; hint

“-her-/-hes-”: to stick to（粘，贴）→adhere; cohere; coherent; cohesive; hesitate

“-host-/-hosp-”: guest; inn; enemy（旅店，客人；敌人）→hospital; hospitality; host; hostess;

hostage; hotel

“-iden-”: same（完全相同）→identical; identify; identification; identity

“-imi-/-ima-”: copy; representation（复制；代表）→image; imaginary; imagination; imaginative;

imagine; imitate

“-initi-/-ire-/-it-”: initiate; go（开始；行走）→commence; exit; initial; initiate; initiative; issue;

perish; transient; transition

“-insul-/-isol-/-isle-”: made into an island（岛屿；孤立）→insulate; isolate; peninsula

“-jac-/-jec-/-ject-”: to lie; throw（位置；扔向）→adjacent; adjective; eject; inject; jet; object;

objection; objective; project; projector; reject; subject; subjective; deject*; conjecture*

“-jun-/-jon-/-junc-”: add; join; unite（加入；增加；联合）→conjunction; junction; jungle; join;

adjoin; adjunct

“-just-/-jur-/-judg-/-judi-”: just; right; law（公正；法律；权利）→just; adjust; injury; judge;

judgment; judicious; jury; just; justice; justice; justify; prejudice

“-jut-/-juv-”: help（帮助；用途）→aid

“-lab-/-lap-”: fall; slip（滑倒；闪失）→collapse; elapse; lap; lapse

“-labor-”: toil; work（工作，辛苦）→elaborate; lab; laboratory; labor

“-lais-/-lax-/lac-”: to leave; slack; lax; loosen（松开；离开）→delay; elastic; lace; lack; lazy; lease;

let; loose; loosen; relax; relay; release; relish; slack; unleash*

“-langu-/-lingu-”: tongue; language（舌头；语言）→language; linguistic

“-leg-/-leag-/-lec-/-lig-/-lite-”: choose; select（挑选；精选）→colleague; collect; collection;

collective; diligent; elect; elegant; eligible; elite; intellectual; intelligence; intelligent; intelligible;

league; neglect; negligible; recollect; select; selection; negligent

“-lex-/-leg-/-lig-/-alier-/-alo-”: law; binding; tie（法律；捆绑；限制）→ally; alliance; alloy;

colleague; illegal; legal; league; legislation; legislative; legitimate; leisure; liability; liable; loyal;;

loyalty; obligation; oblige; privilege; rally; reliant; reliable; rely; religion; religious; liaison*;

litigant*

“-lev-/-lieve-”: light; lighten; raise（减轻；提高）→alleviate; relief; elevate; elevator; lever; levy;

relevant; relief; relieve

“-libr-/-leve-”: to weigh; scales（衡量；天平）→deliberate; level

“-lic-/-lect-” : pleasure（愉快；愉悦）→delicate; delicious; delight; delectable*; relics*; relish*

“-lit-/-litte-/-lege-”: letters; reading and writing（字母；读写能力）→illiterate; lecture; legend;

lesson; letter; literacy; literally; literary

“-loc-/-lic-/-liber-/-libr-”: place; to be allowed; freedom（地点；应允；自由）→allocate; allow;

couch; leisure; license; local; locality; locate; location; locale*; // deliver; liberal; liberate; liberty

“-logos-/-log-/-logue-/-leg-/-lect-”: speech; cite; ratio（话语；引证；比例）→allege; allegation;

analogue; apology; apologize; ;dialect; dialogue; eloquent; logic; eulogize*

“-loud-/-low-/-laud-”: extol; praise（抬高；称赞）→loud; aloud

“-lue-/-lut-/-lav-”: wash（洗）→dilute; laundry; lavatory; lavish*

“-lum-/-lus-” : light（光，辉）→illuminate; illustrate; illustration; luminous*; luster*

“-magni-/-mast-/-maj-/-man-/-mas-”: great; more; to a greater extent; man（男性；伟大；雄伟）→magistrate; magnificent; magnify; magnitude; majesty; major; majority; male; man; marital;

marriage; married; marry; masculine; master; maximum; mayor; * maxim

“-mand-/-mend-”: correct（正确；改正）→amend; mend

“-manu-”: hand（手；控制）→maintain; maintenance; manage; management; manager;

manoeuvre; manifest; manner; manual; manufacture; manuscript; *manifesto; emancipation*;

manacle*; mound*

“-mass-”: lump; dough（面团）→mass; massive

“-mat-”: mother（母体）→material; matter; maternal*

“-maz-”: surprise（惊异）→amaze; amazing

“-med-”: heal（治疗；理疗）→medical; medicine; medication; remedy; medication*

“-memo-/-mind-/-ment-/-mod-”: mind; think; brain（大脑；思考；思索）→commemorate;

comment; meditate; mediation; memo; memorial; memory; mention; mind; remember; remind;

mental; mood; amnesty*; premeditate*; reminiscence*

“-merc-/-mark-”: wares; merchandise; goods; trade（商品；货物；交换）→commerce; market;

merchandise; merchant; mercury; mercy; mart*; mercenary*

“-merg-/-mers-”: dip; plunge（沉浸；浸入）→emerge; emergence; emergency; immerse; merge;

submerge

“-meter-/-mens-/-mod-/-mold-”: measure; manner; make fit（量化；恰当；合适）→accommodate; centimeter; commodity; diameter; dimension; immense; mate; meal; measure;

meter; metric; millimeter; mode; model; moderate; modern; modernization; modest; modify;

module; mould; parameter; symmetry; commensurate*; out-moded*; modular*

“-mid-/-med-/-mon-/-mun-”: middle; common（中间；中庸；共同；普通）→amid; common;

commonplace; commonwealth; communication; communicate; communism; immediate;

intermediate; mean; means; meantime; meanwhile; medieval; medium; middle; midst; meddle*

“-mine-/-main-/-man-”: stand; stay（处于；状态）→eminent; permanent; prominent; remain;

remainder; remains; remnant

“-mini-/-minu-/-mino-”: small; reduce（少；小；减少）→administer; administration; diminish;

menu; miniature; minimize; minimum; minister; ministry; minor; minority; minus; minute;

mince*

“-miru-/-mire-/-mare-”: wonder; wonderful（惊异；奇迹）→admire; admirable; admiration;

marvelous; miracle; mirror; mirage*

“-mit-/-mis-/-mess-/-mand-/-mend-”: send; put; join; entrust; order（送；放；加入；委托）→admit; admission; command; commend; commit; commission; committee; compromise;

demand; demanding; dismiss; emit; intermittent; mess; message; messenger; missile; mission;

missionary; omit; permission; permit; premise; promise; promising; recommend; submit;

transmit; transmission; mandate (委任)*；submissive*; unremitting*; promissory*

“-mob-/-mot-/-mov-/-mo-/-migr-”: to move; change one’s abode（动；移动；搬迁）→automobile; emigrate; immigrant; emotion; locomotive; migrate; migrant; mob; mobile; mobilize;

moment; momentary; motion; motivation; motivate; motive; motor; move; movie; movement;

promote; remote; removal; remove; demobilization*; demote*

“-mon-/-mons-”: show; warn（告戒；告示）→demonstrate; monitor; monster; monument;

admonish*; muster*

“-mount-”: mountain; climb（山；增高）→amount; mount

“-mune-/-muno-”: duty; service（职责；功用）→immune; immunity; municipal

“-muse-/-muse-”: think; art of the Muses（思索）→amuse; museum; music

“-mute-/-miss-”: change; replace（改变；替换）→commute; miss; missing; mutual; commuter*“-name-/-nom-/-nym-”: naming（名称；提名；命名）→name; namely; nominal; nominate; noun;

surname; nominal*

“-nat-/-nas-”: to be born（出生，天生）→innate; naïve; nation; national; nationality; native;

natural; nature; pregnant; renaissance

“-nec-”: bind; tie（捆绑；联系）→connect; necessary; annex*

“-neg-/-ny-/-n-”: say “no”（否定；否认）→deny; denial; negate; negative; no; nor; neither

“-noc-/-nui-”: harm; hurt; injure（伤害）→annoy; innocent; nuisance; odium; ennui

“-norm-”: rule; pattern（规则；尺度）→abnormal; enormous; norm; normal; normalization;

enormity*

“-note-/-nota-”: mark; sign; indication（标记）→denote; notable; note; notebook

“-nov-/-new-”: new（新）→innovation; new; news; novel; novelty; renew; renovate

“-num-”: number（数字）→innumerable; number; numerical; numerous

“-nunc-/-nunti-/-nounce-”: messenger; announce; report（信息；宣布；报告）→announce;

announcement; denounce; pronounce; pronunciation; renounce*; enunciation*; renunciation*

“-nur-/-nut-”: nourish; feed（滋养；抚育）→nurse; nursery; nurture; nutrition; nurture; nourish*;

malnourished*

“-ole-/-ale-/-ule-” : feed; nourish（成长，滋养）→abolish; adolescent; adult; coalition; old;（aliment; prolific）

“-opera-”: work（运作）→cooperate; cooperation; cooperative; manoeuvre; office; opera;

operate; operation; operator; operational

“opt ”: choose（选择）→adopt; adopted; adoption; opt; optional

“-ordin-/-order-”: arranging（安排；排列）→coordinate; coordination; disorder; order; orderly;

ordinary; subordinate

“-ore-/-ora-”: pray; speak; say（说话；祈祷；崇拜）→adore; orate; oration

“-organ-”: implement; work; tool（工具；机体）→organ; organic; organization; organize;

organism

“-ori-”: rise（升起；出现）→arise; arouse; origin; orient; oriental; orientation; origin; original;

originate

“-pact-/-pag-”: fasten; contract（捆绑；收紧）→compact; impact; page; pact

“-pair-/-pejor-”: worse（使更糟）→impair; pejorative*

“-pal-/-pale-”: pale（惨白）→appall; pale

“-pan-”: bread（面包）→accompany; company; companion

“-pand-”: spread; extend（扩展；发展）→expand; expansion

“-par-/-pare-”①: ready; prepare; bring（准备）→apparatus; parade; parent; prepare;

preparation; repair

“-pare-/-pari-/-pero-/-peri-” ②: equal; order; place（对等；等级）→compare; comparison;

comparable; emperor; empire; imperative; imperial; pair; peer; separate; several; disparity*

“-part-/-parc-/-port-”: part; piece; divide（部分；分开）→apart; apartment; compartment;

depart; department; impart; impartial; parcel; part; partial; participate; particle; particular; partly;

partner; party; patch; portion

“-pace-/-pass-/-pet-”: step（步伐；行走）→compass; pace; pass; passage; passenger; passerby;

passport; past; pastime; surpass;

“-pater-/-patri-”: father（父亲）→patriotic; patron; pattern; patriarchal*; patriarch*

“-pati-/-pass-/-path-”: suffering; emotion; feelings（痛苦；情感；感受）→compassion;

compatible; impatient; passion; passive; pathetic; patient; patience; sympathetic; sympathize;

sympathy; repent*

“-pax-/-peace-/-pac-”: peace（和平；安静）→pacific; pay; peace

“-pear-/-par-”: become visible（可见的）→apparent; appear; appearance; apparently; disappear;

transparent

“-ped-/-pes-”: foot（脚；足；行）→expedition; pedal; pedestrian; impeachment*; impede*

“-pel-/-pul-/-pete-/-peat-”: drive; push; seek（推动；争夺；寻觅）→appetite; appeal; appealing;

compel; compete; competition; competitive; competitor; competent; compulsory; expel; impetus;

perpetual petition; impulse; propel; pull; pulse; push; repel; unappealing; repeal*; dispel*;

repulse*

“-pend-/-pens-”①: hang（悬挂）→appendix; depend; dependent; dependence; independence;

independent; pendulum; suspend; perpendicular*

“-pend-/-pens-/-pound-/-pounce-”②: weigh；pay（掂量；量化；钱财）→compensate;

compensation; expend; expenditure; expensive; indispensable; pension; ponder; pound; spend;

dispensable*

“-spers-/-sperg-”: scatter（散开）→disperse; disperse; sparse

“-peri-/-pers-/-pert-”: prove; proof; peril（证明；证实）→experience; experiment; experimental;

expert

“-peri-”: around; near; about; away（周围；附近；离去）→period; periodical; perish

“-phant-/-fant-/-fanc-/-pha-”: vision; show（视觉；显现）→fancy; fantasy; phase; phenomenon

“-pic-/-ping-”: paint（绘，画）→depict; paint; painter; painting; picture; pine; picturesque*

“-pile-/-pole-”: pack（组合）→compile; pile; pillar; pole; polar

“-plac-/-plea-”: pleasure（快乐）→plea; plead; pleasant; please; pleasure; complacently*

“-place-”: place（地点；放置）→displace; place; replace

“-plain-/-plang-”: bewail; lament（挽歌）→complain; complaint

“-plan-/-plain-”: flatten; level（平坦）→explain; explanation; plain

“-plaud-/-plaus-/-plode-”: clap（拍手；鼓掌）→applaud; applause; explode; plausible

“-ple-/-pli-/-ply-”: fill up（充满）→accomplish; complement; complete; compliment; comply;

implement; plenty; supply; depletion*; replenish*; replete*

“-plec-/-plic-/-plo-/-ply-”: braid; fold（折叠）→appliance; application; apply; complex;

complicate; complicated; diploma; diplomatic; display; duplicate; employ; employment; explicit;

exploit; implication; implicit; imply; multiply; perplex; plait; plight; reply; simple; simplicity;

simplify; simply; deploy*; plait*; pleat*

“-plor-”: weep; cry（哭泣；争夺）→deplore; explore; implore*

“-point-/-punt-”: point（点）→appoint; appointment; punctual

“-pon-/-pos-/-pound-”: put; place（放置；地点）→component; compose; composite;

composition; compound; deposit; disposal; dispose; disposable; disposition; expose; exposure;

impose; opponent; oppose; opposite; poem; poet; poetry; pose; position; positive; post; postage;

postcard; poster; postman; postpone; posture; preposition; proposal; propose; proposition;

suppose; appose*; decompose*; potency*; presupposition*; proponent*; repose*

“-pop-/-pub-”: crowd; nation; people（大众；民众）→people; pop; populace; popular;

population; populist; public; publication; publicity; publish; republic; republican

“-port-”: carry; approach（接近）→import; importance; important; report; opportunity; port;

portable; report; reporter; support; transport

“-poss-/-pote-”: to be able; to have power（能力；力量）→impossible; possess; possession;

potent; possible; possibility; possibly; potential; power; powerful; omnipotent*

“-prac-/-prag-”: do; act（做；实践）→practical; practically; practice; practicality; practitioner;

pragmatic

“-pris-/-prehend-/-prehens-”: seize; hold（抓，拿，取；容纳）→comprehend; comprise; prison;

prisoner; surprise; apprehension*

“-press-/-prem-/-prin-”: press; imprint; strike（打击；撞击）→compress; depress; impress;

oppress; press; pressure; print; repression; suppress; reprimand*

“-prim-/-prem-/-prote-”: first（第一，首要，首先）→premier; primary; prime; primitive; prince;

principal; protein; prototype; pristine*

“-pris-/-prais-/-prec-”: prize; value（奖励；称道；珍惜）→appraise; prize; appreciate; enterprise;

entrepreneur; interpret; praise; prize; price; premium

“-priv-/-propr-/-proach-/-prope-/-prox-”: one’s own; make one’s own; single // near（自我，自己；接近）→appropriate; approximate; deprive; peculiar; proper; property; privacy; private;

privilege; // approach; reproach

“-prov-/-prod-”: profit; beneficial（益处；好处）→improve; improvement

“-prove-/-prob-”: test; prove（测试；证明）→approve; probability; probable; proof; prove;

probation*

“-pun-/-pen-/-pain-/-poi-”: punish; grief; penalty; pierce（痛苦；惩罚）→pain; penalty; pen;

point; punish; punitive*

“-put-”: think（思考；思索）→computer; computer; deputy; dispute; repute

“-quali-”: state; nature（所属类别；属性）→qualification; qualify; qualitative; quality

“-quanti-”: extent; amount（所有数量；多少）→quantity; quantify; quantitative

“-quart-”: fourth（四分之一）→quart; quarter; quarterly; square

“-quir-/-quis-/-quer-/-quest-”: get; seek（争，夺，抢）→acquire; acquisition; conquer; conquest;

quest; cry; enquire; exquisite; inquire; inquiry; quarrel; quest; question; questionnaire; request;

require; requirement; quiz; exquisite*; prerequisite*; querulous*

“-rad-/-rude-”: root; ray（根；散发；放射）→radiant; radiate; radiation; radical; radio; radius;

ray; root; radium*; rude; rudimentary*

“-range-/-range-/-ray-”: range; put in a row（安排）→arrange; array; range

“-rap-”: seize; beat（打；夺；抢）→rap; rape; rapid; rapt*; rapture*; ravage*

“-rat-/-reas-”: thinking; reasoning; calculate（掂量；计算；推理）→rate; ratio; ration; read;

reader; reason; reasonable; reckon

“-rect-/-reg-/-rig-/-roy-/-rex-”: straight; make straight; lead straight; rule; king（皇帝；规则；命令）→alert; correct; direct; direction; directly; director; erect; escort; rectangle; rectify; right;

rigorous; upright; realm; regime; region; regular; regulate; regulation; reign; rich; royal; royalty;

rule; ruler

“-relate-”: relation（说法；关联）→correlate; correlation; relation; relativity; relate; interrelation

“-rest-/-rit-”: stand firm; established; stop（稳健；静止；停止）→arrest; irritate; rest; restless

“-riv-/-rip-/-rig-”: riverbank; reach the bank; stream（河流；起源；河畔）→arrive; arrival; derive;

rival; irrigate; ripple; rise; river

“-rod-/-ros-”: gnaw; scrape; shave（啃；磨）→corrode; corrosion; erosion; rat; razor

“-rogat-”: ask（询问）→arrogate; interrogate

“-roll-/-rot-”: roll; turn（滚动）→control; role; roll; rotate; rotary

“-rud-”: rush; fall（匆促；下降）→rude; ruins

“-rupt-”: break（打破；破裂）→abrupt; bankrupt; corrupt; disrupt; erupt; interrupt; route;

routine

“-sacer-/-sanc-”: holy（神圣）→sacred; sacrifice; saint; sanction

“-sala-/-salt-/-saus-”: salt（盐）→salad; salary; salt; sauce; saucer; sausage; saline*

“-salt-/-sult-”: leap（跳跃）→assault; insult; result; resultant

“-salv-/-salu-”: safety（安全）→safe; safety; safeguard; salute; salvage; save; saving

“-sati-/-satu-”: enough（足够；充足）→asset; satisfy; satisfactory; satisfied; saturate; sad; satire;

satisfaction; satisfactory; satisfy; saturate; insatiable*

“-scala-/-scend-/-scent-”: ladder（梯子；爬；高）→ascend; ascent; descend; descendant; descent;

transcend; transcendentalist*; escalate; scale; scan

“-scam-/-shame-”: shame（惭愧）→ashamed; shame

“-sci-”: know（认知）→conscience; conscientious; conscious; consciousness; science; scientific;

scientist; subconsciously*

“-scrib-/-scrip-”: write; writing（写）→describe; description; manuscript; prescribe; prescription;

script; subscribe; transcript*; conscription*; scribbler*; scripture*

“-sect-/-sec-/-seg-”: cut（分；离）→insect; intersection; sail; sailor; saw; sect; section; sector;

segment; sex

“-secu-/-sequ-/-sic-”: follow（跟从；随从）→consecutive; consequence; consequent;

consequently; execute; executive; intrinsic; persecute; prosecute; pursue; pursuit; second;

secondary; sequence; subsequent; sue; suit; suitable; suite; ensue*

“-sem-/-sim-”: bring together（聚合；聚拢）→assemble; assimilate; similar; simulate;

resemblance; resemble; same; seem; similar; simulate; simultaneous

“-sens-/-sent-/-cens-”: feeling（感受；认知）→census; consensus; consent; nonsense; resent;

scent; sensation; sense; sensible; sensitive; sentiment; sentence; resentment*; sensory*

“-sere-/-sert-”: join（加入；连接）→assert; desert; exert; insert; serial; series

“-serv-”①: keep safe; keep; watch（保持；看护）→conserve; conservation; conservative;

observe; preserve; reservation; reserve; reservoir

“-serv-/-servr-”②: serve; slave（奴隶）→deserve; dessert; servant; serve; service

“-sess-/-sid-”: sit（处于；座位；坐）→assess; obsess; possess; possession; preside; president;

reside; resident; residence; saddle; seat; seize; sit; session; set; settle; siege; sit; site; situated;

situation; subsidy; sedative*; subside*; dissident*

“-sid-”: stars（星星）→consider; considerable; considerate; considerably; consideration

“-sign-”: mark out（标记）→assign; sign; signify; design; designate

“-sip-/-sup-”: throw（扔；投）→dissipate

“-soci-”: join; an ally; companion（加入；联盟；伙伴）→associate; association; sociable; social;

socialism; society; sociology

“-sole-/-sola-/-solu-”: alone; lonely（孤独）→desolate; sole; solitary

“-sole-/-soli-/-sil-”: pleasure; strong; firm（强健；稳健）→console; consolidate; silly; solid;

solitary

“-solv-/-solu-”: loose; release; free from debt（松解；放松）→dissolve; resolute; resolve;

resolution; soluble; solution; solve

“-sorb-”: suck in（吸入）→absorb

“-spec-”: individual; species（个体；种类）→especial; especially; special; specialize; specialist;

specialty; specific; species; specification; specify; spice; spicy

“-spect-/-spi(s)-”: look; sight; watch（看，视力；认知）→aspect; conspicuous; despise; despite;

expect; expectation; inspect; perspective; prospect; prospective; respect; respective; retrospect;

specimen; spectacle; spectacular; spectator; spectrum; speculate; spite; spy; suspect; suspicion;

suspicious; introspect*; retrospect*

“-sper-/-spir-”: hope; breathe（呼吸；希望；生灵）→aspire; conspiracy; despair; expire; inspire;

prosper; prosperity; prosperous; speed; spirit; spiritual

“-spond-”: pledge（保证，誓言，抵押）→correspond; correspondence; corresponding; respond;

response; responsible; responsibility; sponsor; spouse; responsive*

“-stand-/-stanc-/-star-/-stab-/-state-/-stit-/-sist-”: stand; stay; set (up); place; establish（成型；保持；树立；构成）→constituent; circumstance; constitute; constant; destiny; destination;

distance; establish; establishment; estate; instead; institute; institution; obstacle; rest; stability;

stable; stadium; staff; stage; stall; stance; stand; standard; standpoint; state; statement;

statesman; static; station; stationary; statistics; statistical; statue; status; statute; stay; steer; stem;

still; stool; substance; substantial; substitute; superstitious; system; systematic; understand;

withstand; prostitute*; status quo; // assist; assistant; consist; consistent; consistency; exist;

existence; insist; instance; instant; persist; resist; resistance; resistant; transistor; reinstate*;

restitution*; solstice*

“-stil-”: drop（下落）→distill; instill

“-stinc-/-sting-”: separate; quench（分离；熄灭；蛰）→distinct; distinction; distinguish; instinct;

extinct; extinguish; stick; sticky; stimulate; sting; stitch

“-stor-”: stake（库存）→restaurant; restore; stock; store; storage

“-string-/-strain-/-strict-”: to bind; contract（捆紧；棒紧）→constrain; distress; district; prestige;

restrain; restraint; restrict; strain; strength; stress; strict; string; strong

“-struc-/-stroy-”: pile up; erect; build（结构；建立）→construct; construction; destroy;

destruction; industrial; industry; industrialize; infrastructure; instruct; instruction; instrument;

obstruct; obstruction; strain; structure

“-sume-/-sum-”: take（拿；取；承担）→assume; assumption; assuming; consume; consumption;

presumably; presume; resume

“-sul-/-sel-”: summon; gather（召集）→consult; counsel

“-sum-/-super-”: superior（超；圆满）→consummate

“-sure-/-sur-”: secure; make sure（确保；确信）→assure; assurance; ensure; insure; reassure;

sure

“-tach-/-stake-”: stake（树桩；关键）→attach; attached; attack; detached; stake

“-tail-”: cut; limitation（减切）→tailor; detail; entail; retail; tailor

“-tain-/-ten-/-tent-/-tin-/-tact-/-teger-/-tang-”: hold // touch; reach（把握；接触，延伸）→contain; content; detain; entertain; maintain; maintenance; obtain; retain; retention; sustain;

tenant; tennis; // attain; contact; contaminate; continent; continue; continual; continuous; entire;

intact; integral; integrate; integrity; tactics; tangible*; continence*; countenance*; pertain*;

pertinent*

“-tect-/-tech-”: workman; craftsmanship（工艺；技术）→architect; architecture; technical;

technician; technique; technology

“-tege-/-tect-”: cover（覆盖）→detect; detective; detector; protect

“-temp-/-time-”: time（时间）→contemporary; temper; temperature; temperature; tempo;

temporary; tide; extemporize*

“-tend-/-tent-/-tempt-”: extend; stretch; aim; strive for; try（弯曲；倾向；争；夺）→attempt;

attend; attention; attentive; inattention; attendance; contend; extend; extension; extensive;

extent; intend; intense; intensity; intensive; intention; pretend; tempt; temptation; tend;

tendency; tense; tension; tent; tentative; tone; intent*

“-term-”: end; limit（末端；结束）→determine; determination; term; terminal; terminate;

terminus*; interminable*

“-terr-”: land（土地）→territory; terrain*; terrestrial*

“-testi-/-test-”: witness（证明；证据）→contest; protest; testify; testimony

“-text-”: weave; braid（编织；编织物）→context; pretext; text; textbook; textile; texture; tissue

“-theo-/-thu-”: god（神）→enthusiasm

“-tom-/-tomo-”: cutting（切；砍；剪）→atom; contemplate

“-tor-/tour”: direct; circle（指导；环绕）→attorney; tour; tournament*

“-tort-”: turn; twist（扭曲）→distort; retort; torch; torment; torture

“-tract-/-tire-/-drag-/-draught-/-dra-”: draw towards; pull（拖；拉；抽）→abstract; attract;

attraction; attractive; contract; distract; extract; draft; draught; draw; retire; subtract; retreat;

trace; track; tractor; trade; trademark; traffic; trail; train; trait; traitor; treat; treaty

“-tramp-”: stamp（踩）→track; tramp; trap; trip

“-trai-/-trea”: hand over（给出）→betray; traitor; treason

“-tribu-/-trib-”: give; assign（给予；呈交）→attribute; contribute; contribution; distribute; tribe;

tribute

“-tric-/-trig-”: trifles; complexities（复杂）→intricate; intrigue; trick

“-triev-/-trouv”: find（找寻）→retrieve

“-triv-/-trop-”: trope（修辞）→contrive

“-trud-”: thrust（投；刺）→intrude; protrude*

“-tue-”: look at（照看）→intuition; intuitive; tuition

“-turb-”: commotion; confuse（扰乱；喧闹）→disturb; disturbance; perturb*

“-und-/-ound-”: overflow（流溢）→abound; abundant; abundance; abound; redundant;

surround; undulating*

“-uni-”: one（一；统一）→onion; uniform; unify; unique; union; unit; unite; universal; universe;

university; unitary*

“-use-/-ut-”: employ; use（使用；实用）→abuse; misuse; disuse; utility; utilize; usage; use; used;

useful; usual; usually; utilize; utility; utensil*; usurp*; usurer*

“-vad-/-vas-”: go; leave（走；离开）→evade; evasion; invade; invasion; pervade*

“-vaga-”: wander（漫游；走动）→extravagance; extravagant

“-vapor-”: steam（蒸汽）→evaporate

“-vari-/-varu-”: changing（改变；变化）→invariable; variable; variation; variety; various; vary

“-vent-/-ven-”: come; arrive（到来；来临）→advent; adventure; avenue; convenient;

convenience; convene; convention; conventional; event; intervene; invent; invention; inventory;

prevent; revenue; venture; souvenir*

“-verb-”: word（言辞；话语）→adverb; verbal; nonverbal; verb; verbal

“-vert/-vers-/-viro-”: turn towards（转；扭）→adverse; reverse; converse; adverse*; advertise;

anniversary; avert; averse; controversy; controversial; conversely; converse; conversation; convert;

conversion; diverse; diversion; divorce; environment; inverse; invert; prose; reverse; universe;

universal; university; versatile; verse; version; versus; vertical; veer*; introvert*; perverse*;

revert*; veranda*; averse*; diverge*

“-vesti-”: track; footstep（足迹）→investigate; vestige*

“-via-/-vey-”: way; road（路；途径）→convey; deviate; obvious; previous; trivial; way

“-vic/-vis-/-vid-/-view-”: something seen（看；视）→advise; advice; advisable; envisage; envy;

evidence; evident; interview; invisible; provide; provided; provision; review; revise; supervise;

survey; video; view; viewpoint; visa; visible; vision; visit; visitor; visual*; vista*; vigilant*;

provident*

“-vid-/-vis-”: divide; separate; widow（分离）→devise; device; divide; dividend; individual;

widow

“-vinc-/-vict-”: conquer; overcome;→convict; convince; conviction; province; revenge; victory;

vengeance*; avenge*

“-viv-/-vit-/-vio-/-vig-/-verg-/-val-/-wor-/-war-”:（男性）①life; live（生命力）；②strength；strong;（力量）；③worth（价值）；④truth（真实；可靠）→verge; vegetarian; vegetation; vegetarian;

revive; survival; survive; valid; validity; violate; violent; violence; vital; vivid; verify; very; virtue;

virtual; vital; vivid; vitamin; viable*; vigorous; war; verdure*; vehemently;* valorous*; valiantly*;

warrior*; // worth; worthwhile; worthy; // avail; available; equivalent; evaluate; evaluation;

invalid; invaluable; prevail; prevalent; valid; valuable; value; valor*; invigorating*; inviolability*

“-voc-/-vok-/-call-”: to call (as witness)（呼喊）→advocate; provoke; call; council; evoke; provoke;

recall; reconcile; vocabulary; vocal; vocation; voice; vowel; irrevocable*

“-voi-/-vui-/-vac-/-vit-”: empty; void; cease（空；停）→avoid; void; evacuate; inevitable; vacant;

vacation; vacuum; vain; vanish; vanity; vast; void; waste; evacuate*; evanescent*

“-volv-/-volu-/velo-”: roll; wrap（卷；包裹）→develop; development; envelop; envelope;

evolution; evolve; involve; revolt; revolution; revolutionary; revolve; volt; volume

“-vove-”: vow（誓言）→devote; vote

“-ward-”: observe; to decide after investigation（认知；观察）→awake; award; aware; reward;

upward; toward; wait; wake; warn; watch

“-wit-/-wis-”: know（认知）→wise; wisdom; wit; witty; witness