英语常用8000词汇表(单词带音标)

8000

intended / in'tendid / a 故意的；打算中的

intent / in'tent/ n 意图（intend的名词)

intention / in’tenʃən / n 故意（intent意图+ion→有意图,故意）

intense / in'tens/ a 强烈的，热烈的（in 不+tense→拉到了不能在拉的地方→紧张的，强烈的）

intensify / in’tensifai / v 变猛烈；加强（in+tens+ify）

pretend / pri’tend / v 假装，借口(pre提前+tend→提前伸出[想好借口］）

pretension / pri：’tenʃən / n 自负；要求（pre提前+tens+ion→提前摆出→种姿态→自负）

pretentious / pri'tenʃəs / a 自负的；虚伪的

distend / dis'tend / v 扩张，膨胀（dis分开+tend→向四周延伸→膨胀)

tension / ’tenʃən / n 紧张；张力(tens+ion→延展出的状态→紧张）

tensible / ’tensibl / a 可延展的（tens+ible→能延展出的)

286 termin=limit ,表示“界限”

terminal / 'tз：minl / a 终结的 n。终端（termin+al）

terminate / ’tз：mineit / v 终结,结束（termin+ate→定出界限→终结）

termination / 、tз：mi'neiʃan / n 终结（termin+ation)

terminology /、tз:mi’nɔladʒi / n 术语，专门名词(termin+o+logy学科→定出界限的学科→下

定义→术语[学］）

terminus / 'tз：minas / n 终点(站）（termin+us→界限之点→终点）

exterminate / ik’stз:mineit / a 消灭，根绝（ex出+termin+ate→从界限中弄出来→根绝掉）

interminable / in'tз：minabl / a 无穷无尽的（in无+termin+adle→没有界限的→无穷无尽的)

288 test=test，tuitness,表示“测试，证据”

testify / ’testifai / v 表明；证实（test+ify→用证据证明）

testimony / 'testiməni / n 证据；证词（testi+mony表状态或物品）

testimonial /、testi'məunjə/ n 证明书（testimony+ial）

attest / ə'test / v 证明（at一再+test证据）

contest / 'kɔntest/ v 比赛，竞赛（con共同+test→共同测试→比赛）

contestant / kən'testənt / n 竞争者（contest+ant）

detest / di’test/ v 嫌恶，憎恶（de不+test→不愿作证→嫌恶)

protest/’ prautest/ v 抗议；坚决声明（pro在前面+test→向前作证→抗议）

289 text=weave，表示“编织”

text / tekst / n 课文,原文（文章为作者所编)

textile / ’tekstail / n 纺织品（text+ile→编织出的物品）

textile / 'tekstail / n 结构；质地（text+ure→编制状态→结构)

context/ ’kɔntekst/ n 上下文（con共同+text→共同编织在一起的→上下文）

pretext / 'pri：tekst / n 借口,托词（pre预先+text→预先编好的→借口）

291 the（a)=god 表示“神"

theism / 'θi：izəm / n 有神论（the+ism主义,论)

atheism / ’eiθi-izəm / n 无神论（a无+theism）

theology / θi'ɔladʒi / n 神学（theo+logy学科）

theologian / 、θi:ə’ləudʒjən / n 神学家(theo+log研究+ian）

pantheist / 'pænθi：ist / n 泛神论者（pan泛+the+ist人）

theocracy / θi'ɔkrəsi / n 神权政治(theo+cracy统治）

pantheon/ ’pænθiən/ n 开神殿（pan泛，全部+theon→全部神在一起→万神殿）

292，therm=heat，表示“热"

thermal / ’θз：məl / a 热的

thermos / 'θa：mas / n 热水瓶（therm+os物品）

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thermometer / θa'mɔmita(r) / n 温度计（therm+o+meter测量)

296 tort = twist 表示“扭曲”

torsion / ’tɔ：ʃən/ n 扭转力(tors［=tort]+ion）

torture / ’tɔ：tʃə / n 折磨，拷问（tort+ure→扭曲［别人]→折磨）

tortuous /'tɔ：tjuas / a 曲折的（tort+uous→弯曲的)

contort / kən’tɔ:t/ v 拧弯;曲解（con全部+tort→全部扭曲→拧弯)

contortionist / kən’tɔ：ʃənist/ n 软体表演者（能把身边全部扭曲的人）

distort / di'stɔ:t / v 曲解(dis坏+tort→扭坏了→曲解）

distortion / dis’tɔ：ʃən/ n 歪曲（distort+ion）

extort / ik’stɔ:t / v 强夺（ex出+tort→强扭出来→强夺）

extortion / ik'stɔ：ʃan/ n 强夺，勒索

retort / ri’tɔ:t/ v 反驳；报复（re回+tort→返回来扭→反驳；报复)

tetortion n 扭转;报复

torment / ’tɔ:ment / n 苦恼；拷问（tor［=tort]+ment→扭的状态→拷问：苦恼)

297 tour， torn， tourn =turn， 表示“转,环绕”

tour / tuə / v n.旅游(转着玩）

tourist / 'tuərist / n 旅游者（tour+ist)

contour / 'kɔntua（r)/ n 轮廊（con全部+tour→全部转一圈→轮廊)

detour/'di：tʊə(r）/ n 迂路；曲折(de加强动作+tour→转着走→语汇的路）

tournament / ’tɔ:namant / n 锦标赛（tourn转+a+ment→转着轮流比赛，锦标赛）

tornado / tɔ：’neidəu/ n 龙卷风（torn+ado→转着的风→龙卷风）

attorney ［ ə’tə：ni / n 律师（at+torn+er→玩的转的人→律师）

tourniquet / 'tuəniket / n 止血绷带（止血绷带紧紧环绕肢体)

298 tox= poison 表示“毒”

toxin/ 'tɔksin/ n 毒素(tox+in）

toxic/ ’tɔksik/ a 有毒的（tox+ic)

toxication /、tɔksi'keiʃən / n 中毒（toxic有毒的+ation）

toxicology / 、tɔksi'kɔladʒi/ n 毒物学(toxic+o+logy学科）

intoxicate / in’tɔksikeit / v 使陶醉；使中毒(in使+toxic+ate→使中毒,陶醉[酒精中毒］）

detoxify / di:'tɔ / n 解毒（de去掉+tox+ify→去掉毒）

=quiver，表示“颤抖”

tremdle/'tremdl/ v 发抖；摇动（trem+dle）

tremor / ’tremə / n 震动；小地震(trem+or）

tremulous / ’tremjuləs / a 发抖的（trem+ulous……的）

tremendous / tri'mendəs/ a 惊人的，可怕的(trem+end+ous→[让人］颤抖的→可怕的）

302 tridut=give，表示“给予”

tribute / ’tribju:t / n 赠品；赞扬

tributary / ’tribjutri/ a 进贡的，支流的（tribut+ary→给予东西→进贡的;支流给主流水）

attribute / ə'tribju：t / v 归因于 n.属性（at加强动作+tribute→［把原因]给出→归因)

attribution / 、。ætri'bju:ʃən/ n 属性，归因

contribute / kən'tribju:t / v 捐赠；贡献（con+全部+tribute→全部给出→捐献）

contributor / kən'tribju（：）tə / n 贡献者（contribute+or）

contributory / kən’tribjutəri / a 有贡献的

distribution/di'stribju：ʃn / n 分配

distribute / di'stribju：t / v 分配：区分(bis分开+tribute→分开给→分配)

retribution / 、retri'bju:ʃən/ n 报酬;报复（re回+tribut+ion→给回去→报复，报酬)

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303 trud ，trus=push,表示“推”

extrude / eks'tru:d / v 挤出;冲出（ex出+trud+e→往外推→冲出）

intrude /in'tru:d / v 硬挤进;侵入(in进+trud+e→推进去→挤进）

intruder / in'tru:də / n 侵入者（in+trud+er）

intrusion / in’tru:ʒən/ n 侵入；干涉（in+trus+ion)

obtrude / əb’tru:d / v 管闲事；插嘴（ob加强动作+trud+e→硬推→管闲事）

protrude / prə'tru：d / v 伸出,突出（pro向前+trud+e推→向前推→伸出)

protrusion / prə'tru:ʒən/ n 突出,隆起

detrude / di’tru：d/ v 推倒（de下去+trud+e→向下推→推倒）

abstruse / æb'stru:s / n 深奥的(abs离开+trus+e→离开［人的知识］理解不能推进→深奥的）

304 turb= stir“表示"搅动“

disturb / dis'tз：b / v 扰乱，打扰（dis分开+turb→搅开了→搅乱了）

disturbance / di’stз:bans/ n 骚动，动乱（disturb+ance）

turbid / 'tə:bid / a 混浊的（turb+id表形容词→搅动的→混浊的)

turbine / ’tə：bin/ n 涡轮（turb+ine）

turbulent / ’tз:bjulant / a 骚乱的（turb+ulent多….的→搅动太多→骚动的）

turbulence / ’tɜ：bjʊləns / n 骚乱(turb+ulence）

perturb / pa’tз:b/ v 骚乱(per始终+turb→始终搅动→扰乱）

perturbative a 扰乱的 （perturb+ative)

imperturbaive /impa'tз:b/ a 沉着的（im不+perturb+able→不受扰乱[影响］沉着的）

turmoil /’tɜ：mɔ:l/ n 混乱（tur[=turb]+moil翻腾→搅动翻腾→混乱）

308 und = wave，表示“波动"

abundant / ə’bʌndənt / a 丰富的（ab加强+und+ant→［多得］象波浪一样→丰富的）

abundance / ə'bʌndəns / n 丰富，富裕

undulate / ’ʌndjuleit / v 波动(und+ulate表动作+波动）

inundate / ’inʌndeit / v 泛滥，淹没(in进入+und+ate→进入波浪→淹没）

redundant / ri’dʌndənt / a 多余的（red反复+und+ant→反复波动→多余的）

fecundity / fi’kʌndəti / n 多产，富饶(fec做+und+ity→出产的[粮食]像波浪→富饶）

abund /a’bʌnd/ v 丰富,充满（ab+cund[=und］参考；abundant)

redound / ri'daund / v 回流;起作用(red回+ound［=und]→波动回来→回流；产生影响)

309 urb = city ,表示“城市"

suburd / 'sʌbз:d/ n 郊区(sub下面+urb→在城市下面→郊区）

suburbanite / sə'bə：bənait/ n 郊区居民（suburb+an+ite)

urban / 'з：ban / a 城市的.都市的

urbane / ɜ:’bein / a 文雅的，有礼貌的（有城市人的风度）

urbanity / ə:bæniti / n 温文尔雅（urbane+ity）

inurbane /、inə:'bein / a 粗野的（in不+unbane文雅的）

exurban / eks’ɜ:bən/ a 城市远郊的(ex出+urban城市的→出城市→远郊的)

"=eat，表示"”吃"””

voracious / və’reiʃəs/ a 狼吞虎咽的（vor+acious多…。。的--吃多的）

voracity / və'ræsiti / n 贪食（vor+acilty)

devour / di'vauə/ v 吞吃（de下去+vour[=vor]→吃下去→吞吃）

omnivorous / ɔm’nivərəs/ a 杂食性的（omni全部+vor+oue→什么都吃→杂食性的）

herbivorous / hə：'bivərəs / a 食草的（herbi草+vor+ous→食草的）

carnivorous /kɑ：’nivərəs / a 食肉的（carni肉+vor+ous→食肉的)

insectivorous / 、insek'tivərəs / a 食虫的（inseecti昆虫+vor+ous→食昆虫的）

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PART 4重点辅音字母研究

S的密码

一．

SP系列

1．

Spa

span/ spæn/ 跨度

Space/ speis/ spacious/ 'speiʃəs/ 开阔的，宽敞的

Sparse /spɑ：s/ sparsely/ 'spa:sli / 稀少的，稀疏的，不足的（separate）

Spawn/ spɔ：n / 产卵，大批繁殖

Spark / spɑ:k/ 火花

2．

Spec 看

3．

Spl

splash / splæʃ / n.v。 溅,泼

spleen /spli：n / n.脾脏vent one's spleen。

Splendid / 'splendid/ adj. 灿烂，辉煌的

splendor / ’splendə / n. 光彩，壮丽

resplendent / ris’plendənt / a 辉煌灿烂的

split /split / n＆v 分开，裂开

splinter / ’splintə/ n 裂片，碎裂

4．

Spr

Sprawl/ sprɔ：l / v。 扩展，蔓延，伸开手脚

spray / sprei / n. 喷雾，浪花

spring / spriŋ / n。 泉水, v. 跳跃

sprout /spraut / v。 萌芽,长出

spread / spred/ n＆v 伸展，蔓延，传播

sprinkle / 'spriŋkl/ v。 洒， 喷撒(splash/spray）

5．

Spu

spurt / spə：t / v。 喷出，涌出

spur / spə: / 马刺,刺激，鞭策

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6．

Spo

Spoil / spɔil / v. 糟蹋,宠坏

spout / spaut / v。 喷出，涌出

sporadic / spə'rædik/ 零星的

spot/ spɔt / n 污点，地点

Squ 挤

GRE单词：squalid / ’skwɔlid / squalor/ 'skwɔlə / 肮脏

squash / skwɔʃ / 挤压,拥挤的人群;果汁

squat / skwɔt / 蹲下

squelch / skweltʃ / 压制

squint / skwint/ 斜视

一．

TOEFL单词squabble/ ’skwɔbl/ v。 口角，争论

squad / skwɔd / n. 小队，班

squander / 'skwɔndə / v。 浪费

square / skwɛə/ adj. 正方形的, n。 平方

squash /skwɔʃ / v。 压碎, 南瓜

squeak / skwi:k / n. 吱吱，尖叫声

squeeze / skwi:z / n.v。 挤（sneeze freeze ）

squirt / skwə:t / v. 喷出（spurt)

Str 紧

1.“str”开头的名词 “细长的、狭长的”或 “拉紧的、扯紧的”：string / striŋ / —琴弦，线，细

绳，一串，一行 street / stri:t /大街 stream / stri:m /小溪，河流 strait/ streit/ 海峡

strap / stræp/ 皮带，腰带 stripe / straip / 条纹.

二．

2.“str”开头的动词，总和“拉紧，扯紧”有关系：strain / strein / 拉紧,扯紧

restrain / ris'trein / 抑制，限制strap / stræp /捆扎(捆扎就是要扯紧）strong/ strɔŋ /强壮(我

们都认识这个词,却不知为什么，弄懂了之后，是为了学习“str”,str—拉紧、扯紧、紧绷，人只有将自己

紧绷的样子，才叫强壮的感觉，读者现在可以自己做一个“挺胸抬头”的动作,就知道了“str”是什么含义

straight / streit / 笔直的，坦率的，直接的struggle / ’strʌgl / 挣扎（挺胸抬头，全身紧绷-—这

是任何人挣扎的样子） strict /strikt/ 严格的，严厉的（腰板伸直，紧张起来)stress / stres / 强调

（何谓“强”？str就代表“强,紧”）stride/ straid/迈大步，昂首阔步(人迈大步的时候，大腿内部韧带

是拉紧、扯紧的）stretch/ stretʃ/ 伸展运动，拉伸

strip v 剥夺，n 条，带

Constrain / kən’strein/ v 强迫， 抑制， 拘束

Restrictive / ris'triktiv / a 限制性的

restriction / ris’trikʃən / n 限制，约束

strain / strein/ n。 紧张，物种

strait / streit / n。 海峡，困难

strap / stræp / n. 皮带

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stray / strei / adj. 漂泊的,走失的

strengthen / 'streŋθən/ v. 加强，巩固

strenuous / 'strenjuəs / adj. 辛苦的, 艰巨的

stride / straid / v。 跨越

strife / straif / n。 冲突，竞争

strike / straik / v. 罢工，打击

stringent /’strindʒənt / adj。 严格的，迫切的

strip /strip / v. 剥，夺去， n。 条，带

strive / straiv / v。 努力，奋斗,力求

stroll /strəul/ v. 漫步

strategy/'strætidʒi/ n。 策略 军略

一个可能的真相：tr居然也具有拉紧的含义

Tract

Sti 刺

Sta 站

Sta 站 拉丁文stare 希腊文 esthn 梵文stha ==stand

St(a）源于印欧语系的STA=stand，由“站立”引申为“静止”，“持续",“固定"之意

三．

四．

1．

Sist系列

2．

Stitut 系列

3．

STA系列以及STI系列（变体)

1．

assist/ ə’sist/

consist / kən'sist / consistent /kən'sistənt /

insist / in’sist / insistence/ in’sistəns /

persist / pə(：）’sist / persistent / pə:'sistənt /］

resist / ri’zist / irresistible /、iri’zistəbl /

subsist/ səb'sist/ subsistence / sʌb'sistans /

2. constitute / ’kɔnstitju：t/ 构成 constitution/、kɔnsti'tju:ʃən / 宪法

institute / 'institju:t / institution /、insti'tju:ʃən / 创立,制度，习俗

destitute/ 'destitju:t /穷困的，缺乏的

substitute/ ’sʌbstitju:t/ 代替，替代

（＊）superstition /、sju：pə'stiʃən/ 迷信

3。stable/'steibl/ stabilize/ 'steibilaiz/ stability/ stə'biliti/

establish / is’tæbliʃ/

stage / steidʒ / 舞台

stance / stæns / state / steit / station / ’steiʃən /

stale / steil / 陈腐的

static / 'stætik/ 静态的,静止的

stationary / ’steiʃ（ə)nəri/ 固定的,静止的

stationery / ’steiʃ（ə)nəri/ 文具，信纸

stagnant /’stægnənt/ 停滞的, 迟钝的 ～ economy

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statue/ 'stætju:/ 雕像

status / 'steitəs / 状况，地位,身份

stand / stænd/ 站立，忍受

stamina / 'stæminə / 体力，精力

standard / ’stændəd / 标准

steadfast / 'stedfəst/ 坚定的

steady /’stedi/ 稳固的

statistics /stə’tistiks/ 统计学

estate / is’teit / 地产，不动产

ecstasy / 'ekstəsi / 狂喜

stant/stance

constant / 'kɔnstənt / 不变的,持续的

distant /'distənt/ distance/ ’distəns/ 远，距离

circumstance / ’sə：kəmstəns / 环境，情况

substance / 'sʌbstəns / 物质

substantial / səb’stænʃəl/ 物质的,坚固的,丰富大量的

Obstacle / 'ɔbstəkl /障碍

Obstinate / ’ɔbstinit / 顽固的

Stu 愚笨,厚实

stubborn /'stʌbən/ adj. 顽固的

stuff /stʌf / n 原料 v 塞满

stuffy / 'stʌfi/ adj。 闷热的，不通风的

stun / stʌn/ v。 使混晕，使目瞪口呆

stunt / stʌnt / v. 阻碍

stunt / stʌnt / n. 惊人的技艺

sturdy / 'stə:di/ adj。 不屈的,顽强的

stupid / ’stju：pid / adj。 愚蠢的，麻木的

stumble / 'stʌmbl/ v.绊倒， 使困惑, 蹒跚， 结结巴巴地说话

GRE单词

stuggy / 'stʌgi/ adj.矮胖的， 健壮的

stump / stʌmp/ 树桩，绊倒

stupendous / stju(:）'pendəs/ adj.惊人的, 巨大的

stupor/ 'stju:pə/ n。昏迷

五．

P的密码

在以辅音字母ｐ开头的单音节英语单词中，ｐ就是在用自己的形象表达着一个“平板、平面”的含义，ｐ总

是和手掌或者脚掌或者诸如此类的“平"的形象有关系,而这正是辅音字母“ｐ”自身的形象和读音！然后我

们再把这里得到的辅音字母“p”的含义，在同样以字母“p”开头的单词如（palm手掌/pace脚步、步伐/pie

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饼/pan盘/pot罐子/pail桶/peel果皮/paper纸/page一页/piece一张/peace和平/pacific太平洋/pad坐

垫)等等单词中来验证辅音字母“p"确实具有类似于“平的，平面的”的这种很稳定的含义，我们就触摸到

了英语单词的本质了——开头辅音字母是表义灵魂。如果进而能够体会到在我们的汉语当中类似于辅音字母

P的这种“平面"含义的一些汉字（如“盘、盆、平、皮、票、篇、片、铺、拍)等的汉语拼音,竟然无一例外

也都是以声母［p]开头,我们就醍醐灌顶般地打通了两种文字间巨大的、默契的意义通道了.相信你会说“原

来英语单词和中文的关系如此巨大”

-------刘一男 《破解单音节单词的记忆密码》（《细说英文单词连载一》)

plan / plæn/（平面图,计划), plain / plein / (平原,简单平实的，坦率的）, plate(盘子)， plane（飞

机,平面）

Platform / ’plætfɔ:m /（平台，月台)Plateau/ 'plætəu/（高原，稳定状态）

PLATO

Platypodia /、plæti'pəudiə/

Platoon / plə’tu：n /(野战）排

Platitude /’plætitju：d / 陈词滥调（语言平)

扩展的词根

1．平PLA在英语里面最最典型的一个词语——-place，平地

Displace /dis’pleis/ 几乎等于Replace-—-—substitute

2. Placate / plə’keit / (平息，安抚）——-Placable / 'plækəbl /（易平息的）—--placid(平

静的） -——pacify / ’plæsid /（=placate） ——-—pacific / pə'sifik /(和平的,平静的）-—

pacifism/ 'pæsifizəm /（和平主义）

Placebo / plə'si：bəu /（平息的药物,安慰剂）

3．平的地方是适合种植的地方

Plant=plant,表示“种植”

plantation / plæn'teiʃən / n 大农场;造林

implant / im’plɑ:nt / v 播种;插入

replant / 'ri:’plɑ：nt / v 再种，再植

supplant/ sə’plɑ：nt/ v 取代，排挤

transplant / træns’plɑ：nt/ v 移植，移种

4．平等 (PAR）

R 的密码 BY刘一男

由辅音字母r开头的单音节词汇，有着如下四个非常强烈的家族含义，（本文主要以大学英语四六级大纲词

汇为例）

情况一,字母r有小草的形象，因此和小草有关。确切地说，r和小草直立的样子以及小草那种向上生长

的姿态有紧密的关系：

rise/ raiz / 升起 raise/ reiz / 举起

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rice/ rais / 稻，米（是从地下长出来的农作物）

rich / ritʃ / 富裕（该词衍生自“rice"，因为有米就富裕,现代人说“没米就是没钱”，请注意汉

字“裕”右边的“谷”,文字相同的美证）

rank/ ræŋk / 军衔，登记（可以一格格往上长的东西）

rate / reit / n. 比率， 速度， 等级, 价格， 费用 (这些含义，都是可以可以生长的，攀升的概

念，依托的都是字母r那种往上生长的核心含义）

raw / rɔ： / adj. 未加工的， 生疏的, 处于自然状态的（刚从地下来长出来的,未加工的,天然

的）

rectify/ ’rektifai/ 纠正(象小草一样直立起来）

right/ rait / 正确,右手 （正确就是直。另外,右为尊，右为正确,因为古人向君主表示忠诚的时候

是将右手放在心上,所谓心手相连，其实是心和右手相连啊，因此在任何文化中,“左"的,都是不好的，危险

的）

real/riəl/真实的(“真"就是“正”吧！）

royal / 'rɔiəl / 皇家的，皇室的，正统的（al是形容词后缀，词根roy就是“皇家的、正统的”

含义，词根roy衍生于real，因为real是“真正的、真实的" ，只有皇家的血脉是真正的血统）

reap/ ri：p /收割（割得是草吧，也就是庄稼吧，这种从地下长出来的东西，就是用r来造词）

red / red / 红色（此词和“right正确”有关系，因为红色代表正确)

reed / ri:d / 芦苇(看到“芦、苇”的草字头就明白了）

rein/ rein/ n。缰绳, 统治， 支配 vt。 以缰绳控制， 统治, 驾驭（缰绳的含义来自r小草的含

义，绳子是草做的吧，该词有了“缰绳"的含义之后，又动作化变成了动词——驾驭，以缰绳控制）

reign / rein / vi。 统治， 支配, 盛行， 占优势 n. 统治， 统治时期， 支配（该词衍生于上

一个词rein，rein=reign统治,后来正是否定前缀for+reign产生了新词foreign——外国的<外国的就是不

能统治的,不能驾驭的>）

region/'ri：dʒən /地区（后来reign简化成词根reg——统治,管理，产生了单词region——地区）

rope/ rəup /绳子（草绳）

rule/ ru：l /规则（规则就是一条绳，我们今天不是也管法律叫做“准绳”么？开头的r就是rope的

缩影）

rest/ rest /休息(“休息”和字母“r”那种小草的直有什么关系呢？大家不要想今天的休息，请回想

远古,古人躬身劳作,所谓休息，也就是“直直腰”.所以用“直”的基本含义，来造“休息”这个词，这个

一个中国的古人靠在树旁休息的生活习惯相差无几）

ridge / ridʒ/ n。 背脊， 山脊, 屋脊,鼻梁（都是高耸的，升起的东西，开头字母r,就是单词rise

的缩影）

rigid/ 'ridʒid /僵直的，刻板的（r就是直）

ripple / 'ripl / n。 波纹 v. 起波纹（水面本来平静，突然“起"了波纹,依然是升起来，长起

来的东西，开头字母r,就是单词rise的缩影)

rose/ rəuz /玫瑰花(生长出来的,花花草草)

rust / rʌst / n. 铁锈 vt. （使)生锈（锈，铁锈,哪里来的？长出来的，我们汉语也使用“生锈

了、长锈了、起锈了”之类主谓搭配）

情况二,r和run有强烈的关系,很多r开头的单词之首的字母r其实就是run的缩影，以下词汇都和跑

有关系：

run 跑 race竞赛(就是跑） rush 冲（就是跑)

raid / reid / n. 袭击, 搜捕 v. 奇袭, 搜捕（所谓突袭,就是冲进敌营，快速行动,要跑）

rail/ reil/ 铁轨（就是一条跑道）

rabbit / 'ræbit/ 兔子（当一只兔子第一次映入造词专家的眼帘，“奔跑”应该是这只兔子留给这

位语言学家的最显著特征,因此语言学家选择跑—run这个词来造了rabbit这个单词，想向后人表达，这是

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一个善跑的家伙）

rapid /’ræpid/ 快速的(产生于rabbit这个词,像兔子一样的,叫“快”)

rat / ræt / 老鼠（也是产生于rabbit这个词，鼠兔一家,形象相近，啮齿类，也是个跑来蹿去的家

伙）

ride/ raid / 骑马（骑马奔腾,就是跑)

road/rəud/路 route /ru：t /路线（是road的衍生词)

river/ ’rivə/ 小河，流水（流水,“流”的速度，就是“跑"的概念)

rival/ 'raivəl / 对手的，对抗的(词根riv河、沟+al形容词后缀= rival对手的,对抗的，为什么

呢? 古人作战，以河为界，所谓楚河汉界，世界应该大同,有着不可逾越的鸿沟的-—对抗的）

risk / risk/ vt。 冒。.。的危险 n. 冒险， 风险（冒险，也有跑起来的含义,是一种激进的做

法）

情况三,字母r和o组合起来构成了roar吼叫这个词，在roar中，ar是后缀,而r、o两个字母完成的

就是一个类似于汉字“叫”的组合使命,也就是“ro=叫”(读者请详细观察单词roar中的ro组和，形象上

的非常相似反写的“叫”字)

roar / rɔ: / n。 吼叫， 怒号 vi. 吼叫， 怒号 v. 滚动， 咆哮

rage / reidʒ/ n. 愤怒, 情绪激动， 狂暴, 精神错乱

vi. 大怒， 狂吹， 风行

情况四,字母r开头时，携带后面的字母完成了一个模拟自然界中旋转物体所发出的类似于“绕～绕”

的声音，使得r开头的这些词通过仿声而有了“旋转”的含义：

reel [ ri:l ] n。 （棉纱， 电线等的）卷轴， （磁带等的）一盘, 旋转, 蹒跚 vt。 卷。。。于

轴上, 使旋转

round / raund / n。 圆， 圆形物, 巡回, 轮唱, ［体]一轮 adj. 圆的， 球形的， 丰满的， 大

概的, 十足的, 完全的, 肥胖的

roll/ rəul/ adj。 滚动, 滚转， (使)摇摆， (使)摇晃, 卷起， 卷拢 vt. 辗， 轧 re—

前缀，有“反复，返回"的含义,（而这种含义，不也正是衍生自于reel表示旋转的基本意义么?） 因

此有了一些列派生多音节词汇如recite背诵 reduce减少 rear后面 return转身等等子词.

PART 5 APPENDIX

Appendix 1. Months of the Year

JANUARY

When the clock strikes twelve on New Year’s Eve and December

Passes into January， we say farewell to the year just gone and we hail the New Year ahead。 It

is fitting that first month should be called January， for the Roman god Janus who gave this month

its name was always represented with two faces， one that gazed at the past and one that looked

to the future。 However, before the name January was adopted in English, this month was called

Wulf—Monath， or “wolf-month”， because at this time of the year the bitter cold brought wolves

into the villages to forage for food。

FEBRUARY

The middle of the month of February was marked in ancient Rome for a religious ceremony in which

women were beaten for barrenness。 This was called the festival of Lupercalia and was held in a

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cave by the river Tiber. Two youths were selected to play the leading role in the celebration。

After the goats were sacrificed， thongs were cut from their hides and given to the

thongs were called februa, or “instruments of purification”， and should they strike a women,

she would no longer be barren. The two young men in question would run around the city with the

sacred thongs and give smart and “curative” slaps to any barren girls they saw。 No one knows

just how they knew whom to hit although the barrenness of a women would probably be common knowledge

in any village. However this may be， the magic power of the thongs came from Juno， whose epithet

as the goddess of fertility was Februaria, and from this word we took the name of our month. February

had 29 days, but the Roman Senate took one away and gave it to August, so that August would not

be inferior to July。 It’s a long step down from all this romance to the original native name

for February。 The factual English simply called it SProte-kalemonath because the cabbages were

sprouting。

MARCH

Before the time of Julius Caesar， the Roman New Year began with the month of Marth。 This was

not only the beginning of the year but was the open spring season for the waging of war, so the

month was dedicated to mars， the god of war, and was named sfter him。 Its Old English name was

Hlyd—Monath, that is, “boisterous-month"， because of the winds。 And， by the way , the expression

“mad as a March hare “ comes from the fact that March is the mating season for hares， and are

supposedly full of whimsy all month。

APRIL

This was the month of the first flowers in ancient Italy， as it is with us, and the opening spring

buds gave the month its name。 The Rome name was Aprilis, based on the Latin word aperio with means

“open"。 The early Britons， on the other hand, lacked the poetry of the Mediterrancen。 They

rather flat—footedly called April Easter-Monath, or “Easter—month”, Of course， April brings

in April Fool’s Day， and this recalls the festivities held by all ancient peoples at the vernal

equinox， beginning on their New Year's Day, March 25th， and ending on April 1st . It was not

until the 18th century in Great Britain that April Fool’s Day， as we know it， was created。

The theory about this day traces the tradition back to the medieval miracle plays that used to

represent the sending of Christ from Pilate to Herod。

MAY

This is when “the time of the singing birds is come， and the voice of the turtle is heard in

our land”。 Sir Thomas Malory called it “the lusty moneth of May"。 It is strange that the romantic

time of May has always been considered unlucky for marriage。 The Romans objected to it for the

quite understandable reason that it contained the feast in honor of Bona Dea who was the goddess

of chastity。 Also the festival of the unhappy dead fell in the month of May. The name May， in

Latin， Maius, is believed by many to have come from Maia who was the mother of the god Hermes.

The native English had a less romantic but much more practical name for the month . They called

it Thrimilce because , in the long ， spring days , the cows could be milked three time between

sunrise and evening .

JUNE

This name is probably form Junius ， the name of Latin family to which the murderers of Julius

Caesar belonged . Some scholars believe ， however ， that the name June came form the goddess

Juno who was the protectress of women since June has been the favorite month for marriages all

the way down form earliest Rome . It can be that the ancient taboos against May marriages are

responsible for our modern June rush to the altar 。 The English name for June was Sere-Monath 。

or “dry—month 。"

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JULY

The name of this month was proposed by Mark Antony ， the Roman general and famous lover of

Cleopatra 。 Antony suggested that this birthday month of Caius Julius Caesar be named Julius in

his honor , and the name came into use the year of Caesar’s assassination 。 In English ， the

spelling became first Julie , then July . But before the English adopted the Latin name ， they

had called the month Mad-Monath , or “meadow-month ,” since the meadows were in bloom and the

cattle were in pasture 。

AUGUST

Octavian ,the first Roman emperor ，was the nephew of Julius Caesar ， and longed to gain the fame

and power of his uncle . He wanted ， among other things ， to have a month named after him . His

birthday was in September ， but he selected what is now known as August ， for this particular

month had been a fortunate one in his career 。 The Senate had given Octavian the official title

of Augustus in honor of his distinguished sercices to the state ， so the month he had chosen became

Augistus , which we have shortened to August 。 The prosy and downright English had called this

the Weod—Monath , or “weed—month ,” although , in fairness , the word “weed” yhen applied

to greenery in general .

SEPTEMBER

Inasmush as the Roman year originally started in March ,September was their seventh month , and

the name is taken from the Latin word septem which meant “seven 。”When the calendar was changed

and September became the ninth month , the name was not altered . Charlemagne ， who was Emperor

th

of the West at the beginning of the 9 century ， refused to accept the Roman name and called September

the “harvest-month ."England followed suit ， and for a long time September was konwen as

Harfest-Monath 。The harvest then was largely barley , which the thirsty English promptly converted

into ale .

OCTOBER

This is the season when the smoke of burning leaves is apt to be in the air 。 Even the Roman poet

Martial called October “fumosus ，” or “smoky ，” because the time for lighting fires was at

hand . Officially though , the name remained October from the Latin octo ， “eight ,” for this

month was the eighth on the list before the calendar was altered . The Roman general Germanicus

Caesar wanted the month named after him , but he never got very far with his wish . The English

first gave the name Win—Monath ， or “wine-month ，" to October ， and probably a little elderberry

wine and such were concocted ， but the real preoccupation was the “Brown October Ale “ that

we still sing about today 。

NOVEMBER

Since the Emperor Augustus had his month and Julius Caesar his ， the polite and politic Romans

thought it only proper to propose that November be renamed for the Emperor Tiberius 。 But Tiberius

objected and said rather wittily ， “What will you do if you have eleven Caesars？” So the name

remained Novernber , from the Latin novem ,”nine .” To the forthright English November was the

Blot—Monath , or “sacrifice—month” as it was the time when the heathen Anglo-Saxons sacrificed

cattle to their gods . Sometimes they also called it the Wind-Monath ， for obvious reasons .

DECEMBER

nd

Lucius Aelius Aurelius Commodus ， Emperor of Rome toward the end of the 2 century ， once asked

his mistress how she would like to see her name on the calendar 。 “Amazonius ，” was the name

the emperor had in mind ，since the lady had once been painted as an Amazon ， but the Senate was

not sympathetic and apparently told him to gao watch the gladiators and lions instead . So December

went on being called by its old name from decem ， “ten," since December was originally the tenth

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month 。 The common name among the English for December was Mid—Winter-Monath ， although the

Christians of the day called it Haligh—Monath ， or “Holy-Month ，"because of birth of Christ .

MONDAY

In mythology ，， the moon was the wife of the sun , and so had to have her day in the week , which

in Old English was Monandag , or “moon day ，" a translation of the Latin lunae dies ，”day of

the moon 。” In the superstitious England of theose times people believed that the phases of the

moon affected crops and disthe potency medicine , and they were sure too that bacon killed on the

old of the moon would shrivel in the pan .

TUESDAY

In Norse mythology there was a god named Tyr . A wolf spirit called Fenrir was troubling the world

and Tyr volunteered to bind him 。 He used a chain made of strange substances , the footstep of

a cat ， the beards of women ， the roots of stones ， the breath of fishes 。 Tyr put his hand

in Fenrir’s mouth and bound him ， but his hand ， in the , was bitten off . In Old English the

god’s name Tyr appears as Tiw 。 He was really a Germanic deity , one very much like Mars , the

Roman god of war , and his name gave us the Old English word Tiwesdag ，"the day of Tiw ,” OUR

Tuesday , which is a rendering of the Latin dies martis ， “day of Mars 。”

WEDNESDAY

In Old English Wednesday was spelled Wodnesdag , which was the day of the great Germanic god Woden ，

who corresponded to the Roman divinity Mercury . Both were swift in movement and noted for their

eloquence . Woden was the father of Tyr ,who gave us the name Tuesday , and was the god of storms .

He welcomed brave warriors to the heaven of Valhalla and treated them to the pleasures that they

most loved on earth 。 He also slew Chaos and created earth from his body , his flesh making the

dry land , his bones the mountains ， his blood the sea , his Mercurii dies , the “day of Mercury ,"

and the French took this over as Mercredi ， their name for Wednesday .

THURSDAY

Thor was the strongest and bravest of the Norse deities ， and corresponded in the heavenly hierarchy

to the Roman god Jupiter , who also handled the lightning bolts . Thor ， you see ， was the god

of thunder which he made with a chariot drawn by he-goats across the sky 。Thor owned a massive

hammer which the giant Thrym once stole from him and refused to give up unless Freya ， the goddess

of love ， would marry him . Thor dressed up in her clothes wheedled the hammer from Thrym , and

then slugged his host . It was the name of this same Thor that formed the Old English word thuresdag ，

or Thursday , “the day of Thor ，” which equals the Roman dies jives ， or “day of Jupiter 。”

FRIDAY

In Old English , Friday was frigedag ， the day of the Norse goddess Frigg , wife of Woden and

the goddess Venus ， and her day ， Friday , was like the Latin dies Veneris ， or “day of

Venus .”Wednesday and Thursday had been named for her husband Woden and her son Thor , so Friday

was assigned to her as appeasement . The Norsemen regarded Friday as their luxky day ， but not

so the Christians since the Crucifixion took place on Friday .

SATURDAY

In Old English saternesdag , merely “Saturn’s day ,” is half—translation and half-adoption

of the Latin Saturni dies ， or “day of Saturn ，” the Roman god of sowing 。

SUNDAY

Sunday replaced Saturday as the Sabbath because the Resurrection took place on a Sunday .It was

th

around the 4 century that the church made it a holiday and forebade anyone to work . In old English

it was spelled sunnandag ， literally the “sun’s day ，” a translation of the Latin dies solis ，

or “day of the sun .”

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Appendix 2。Astrology

Aries牧羊：Mar. 21 - April 19

Aries the Ram is an Autumn constellation, and can be best viewed in the night sky during the month

of November.

Taurus 金牛 April 20 — May 20

Taurus the Bull is an Autumn constellation, and can be best viewed in the night sky during the

month of December。

Gemini 双子 May 21 - June 21

Gemini the Twins is a Winter constellation, and can be best viewed in the night sky during the

month of January。

Cancer 巨蟹June 22 - July 22

Cancer the Crab is a Winter Constellation， and can be best viewed in the night sky during the

month of February。

Leo 狮子July 23 - Aug. 22

Leo the Lion is a Winter constellation, and can be best viewed in the night during the month of

March。

Virgo 处女 Aug. 23 - Sept. 22

Virgo the Virgin is a Spring constellation， and can be best viewed during the month of April。

Libra 天秤 Sept。 23 — Oct。 23

Libra the Scales is a Spring constellation， and can be best viewed in the night sky during the

month of May.

Scorpio 天蝎 Oct. 24 - Nov. 21

Scorpio the Scorpion is a Spring constellation with an astronomical name of Scorpius， and can

be best viewed in the night sky during the month of June。

Sagittarius 射手 Nov. 22 - Dec. 21

Sagittarius the Archer is a Summer constellation， and can be best viewed in the night sky during

the month July。

Capricorn 摩羯 Dec. 22 - Jan. 19

Capricorn the Sea Goat is a Summer constellation with an astronomical name of Capricornus, and

can be best viewed in the night sky during the month of August。

Aquarius 水瓶 Jan。 20 - Feb。 18

Aquarius the Water Bearer is an Summer constellation, and can be best viewed in the night sky during

the month of September。

Pisces 双鱼 Feb。 19 - Mar. 20

Pisces the Fishes in an Autumn constellation， and can be best viewed in the night sky during the

month of October.

Appendix Mythology

Achilles

The hero of Homer’s Iliad， the son of Peleus and Thetis and slayer of Hector

阿基里斯：荷马史诗《伊利亚特》中的英雄，是珀琉斯和西蒂斯之子，杀害赫克托耳的人

Achilles heel/Achilles' heel艾基利斯之踵的弱点, 要害；

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Achillean adj。阿基里斯的， 勇敢的

Adonis

n。 A strikingly beautiful youth loved by Aphrodite.

阿多尼斯被阿佛洛狄忒所恋的美少年

常作adonis：A very handsome young man.美少年很英俊的年轻男子；美少年, 小白脸

Agamemnon

The king of Mycenae and leader of the Greeks in the Trojan War， who was the son of Atreus and

the father of Orestes, Electra, and Iphigenia；His wife Clytemnestra killed him upon his return

from Troy.

阿伽门农：迈锡尼的国王，特洛伊战争中的希腊联军统帅,阿特柔斯的儿子，俄瑞斯忒斯、伊莱克特拉以及

依菲琴尼亚的父亲。他刚从特洛伊返回就被其妻克吕泰尼丝特拉杀害

n。［希神]阿伽门农， 特洛伊战争中希腊军队的统帅

Andromeda

The daughter of Cepheus and Cassiopeia and wife of Perseus, who had rescued her from a sea monster.

安德洛墨达：塞弗斯和卡西欧匹亚的女儿，其丈夫珀修斯曾把她从海妖手里救出

【希神】安德罗米达(埃塞俄比亚公主, 后与 Perseus 结婚) ;

the Andromeda【天】仙女星座

Augean stables

奥吉亚斯王(Augeas)的牛棚（国王养牛三千头， 三十年未曾洗过牛棚, Hercules 引河水于一日之内清洗干

净) ; augean /ɔ’dʒi：ən/ 极脏的

Antigone

The daughter of Oedipus and Jocasta She performed funeral rites over her brother's body in defiance

of her uncle Creon.安提戈涅：奥迪帕斯和伊俄卡斯塔的女儿，不顾舅父克利翁的反对而为哥哥的遗体举

行了埋葬仪式；[希神］ 安提歌尼(底比斯王俄狄普斯之女， 因违抗禁令而自杀身亡）

Aphrodite （Also called： Cytherea） (Venus)

[希神］阿芙罗狄蒂（爱与美的女神）

Venus： The goddess of sexual love and physical beauty.维纳斯:性爱和形体美的女神［罗神］维纳斯，

［天］金星

aphrodisiac n. 春药

Apollo

n。 The god of prophecy， music， medicine， and poetry， sometimes identified with the sun.

阿波罗司预言、音乐、医药、诗歌之神，有时等同于太阳神；阿波罗， 美男子， 太阳神

Argos

[希神］Jason寻找金羊毛所乘的船, ［天］南船座

Ares

［希神] 阿瑞斯, 战神

Artemis （Diana)

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The virgin goddess of the hunt and the moon and twin sister of Apollo。

阿耳忒弥斯:狩猎女神和月神

Diana:The virgin goddess of hunting and childbirth traditionally associated with the moon and

identified with the Greek Artemis。

黛安娜(月亮和守猎女神)狩猎和分娩女神，传统上同月亮有关系并且与希腊阿耳忒弥斯(月亮和狩猎女神）

是一致的,黛安娜(罗马神话中之处女性守护神； ［诗]月

Asclepius

Apollo’s son， the god of medicine

阿斯克勒庇俄斯:医药神，阿波罗的儿子，药神

Athena （Roman: Minerva)

The goddess of wisdom, the practical arts， and warfare。

智能、技艺及战争女神；［希神]雅典娜

Athenaeum n.雅典娜神庙；

atheneum n.雅典庙宇,文艺协会， 图书馆；

Athenian n。雅典人 adj.雅典（人）的,

Minerva

The goddess of wisdom, invention， the arts, and martial prowess

密涅瓦:掌管智能发明艺术和武艺的女神n.智能和技术及工艺之神

Atlas

A Titan condemned by Zeus to support the heavens upon his shoulders.

阿特拉斯神被宙斯降罪来用双肩支撑苍天的一个擎天神;

A person who supports a great burden

栋梁之才， 担负重任的人; 地图， 地图集

Bellerophon

The Corinthian hero, who with the aid of the winged horse Pegasus， slew the Chimera。

柏勒罗丰:古希腊科林斯的英雄，骑飞马柏加索斯杀死了吐火女怪喀迈拉

Ceres

The goddess of agriculture.

谷物女神，刻瑞斯；［罗神］谷类的女神, 犹如希腊神化中的Demeter

Demeter

The goddess of the harvest, daughter of Rhea and Cronus and mother of Persephone

得墨忒耳：主管收获的女神，是瑞亚和克罗诺斯的女儿，珀尔塞福涅的母亲

【希神】德墨特尔（主管生产及保护婚姻的女神)

Rhea

The sister and wife of Cronus and the mother of Demeter, Hades， Hera， Hestia， Poseidon, and

Zeus

雷亚：克罗纳斯的妹妹和妻子，季米特里、海兹、赫拉、赫斯蒂、波塞顿及宙斯的母亲

Cronus

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A Titan who ruled the universe until dethroned by his son Zeus.

克罗诺斯希：腊神话中的一个提坦，在被他的儿子宙斯废黜之前一直统治着宇宙( 巨人Titans 之一)

Chimera

A fire—breathing she—monster usually represented as a composite of a lion, goat, and serpent.

客迈拉:一种通常被描绘成狮子、山羊和蛇的组合体吐火的雌性怪物

［常Chimera ]【希神】（吐火女怪)凯米拉（狮头、羊身、蛇尾）； 怪物;【建】狮头羊身蛇尾装饰

Charon

The ferryman who conveyed the dead to Hades over the river Styx

卡戎：送亡魂过冥河去阴间的神；［希神］（将亡魂渡到阴界去的）冥府渡神；［谑]摆渡的船夫

Cerberus

A three-headed dog guarding the entrance to Hades.

冥府守门狗：守护冥府入口的长有三头的狗

Styx

The river across which the souls of the dead are ferried， one of the five rivers in Hades

冥河冥府五条河之一条，死者的灵魂渡过此河进入冥府；

black as the Styx漆黑；

cross the Styx死

Hades

The god of the netherworld and dispenser of earthly riches

哈德斯:冥界之神，人间财富的分发者

This netherworld kingdom, the abode of the shades of the dead

冥府冥界的王国，死人幽灵的居所

（also) hades Hell 地狱 n.冥府, 地狱， 阎王

Cupid

The god of love; the son of Venus

丘比特：爱之神；维纳斯的儿子

A representation of Cupid as a naked， cherubic boy usually having wings and holding a bow and

arrow used as a symbol of love.

丘比特：小天使般的少年裸体画像,通常有双翼并手持弓箭，被用作爱的象征

爱神丘比特（爱神, 双翼、手持弓箭的美童),［cupid ]美少年, 美少年的（雕)像,

Cupid's bow 爱神的弓;弓形嘴唇

Eros

The god of love， son of Aphrodite

伊洛斯爱神:阿佛洛狄忒之子；[希神]爱神， 愿望， 性爱

erotic / i’rɔtik/ adj。 性欲的， 色情的n。好色之徒

erotic film n。黄色片；

erotica / i’rɔtikə/ n。色情书籍， 色情（艺术）作品；

erotology / irə'tɔlədʒi/ n.色情文学, 色情文艺

Damocles

Greek courtier to Dionysius the Elder, tyrant of Syracuse, who according to legend was forced to

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sit at a banquet table under a sword suspended by a single hair to demonstrate the precariousness

of a king’s fortunes

达摩克利斯：希腊传说中的叙拉古国王狄奥尼西奥斯的朝臣,据传说其被迫坐在上悬宝剑的餐桌旁，宝剑由

一根头发系住，以此来暗示君王命运的多危

n.达摩克利斯，为叙拉古（Syracuse）暴君Dionysius的宠信

Danae

The daughter of Eurydice and Acrisius and mother of Perseus who was imprisoned by her father in

a bronze chamber

达那厄：欧律狄刻和阿克瑞斯的女儿，珀尔修斯的母亲,被其父亲监禁在一青铜密室中

[希神］达娜厄（Argos国王之女,珀尔修斯之母）

Eurydice

The wife of Orpheus, whom he failed to rescue from Hades when he looked back at her and so violated

the command of Pluto on their journey back to the upper world of the living。

欧律狄刻：俄耳甫斯的妻子，没能被丈夫救出地狱,因为他们在走出冥界之前他回头看了妻子，违反了冥王

的规定;

【希神】欧律狄斯（歌手俄耳甫斯之妻）

Perseus

The son of Dana and Zeus， and husband of Andromeda who killed the Gorgon Medusa

珀尔修斯：达那厄和宙斯的儿子和安德洛墨达的丈夫，他杀死了蛇发女戈耳戈·梅杜莎；

[天]英仙座

Gorgon

Any of the three sisters' Stheno, Euryale， and the mortal Medusa who had snakes for hair and eyes

that if looked into turned the beholder into stone。

戈耳贡：斯塞诺、尤里安勒和人形的可怕的梅杜萨三姐妹中的任何一个，梅杜萨以毒蛇为头发，看到她眼睛

的人都会变为石头；

【希神】三个蛇发女怪之一(人一见她即化为石)；令人作呕的人［景象］， 丑陋可怕的女人

Gordius

〈希神〉戈耳迪

Gordian adj. （古代费吕加国王)戈尔地雅斯(Gordius) 的 Gordian knot【希神】戈尔地雅斯难结(按神谕，

能解开此结者可为亚细亚国王， 后来此结被亚历山大大帝解开); [喻］难题; 难事； (问题或故事情节) 关

键， 焦点

cut the Gordian knot 以斩钉截铁的手腕解决问题

An intricate knot tied by King Gordius of Phrygia and cut by Alexander the Great with his sword

after hearing an oracle promise that whoever could undo it would be the next ruler of Asia。

戈德斯结弗利吉亚王国的戈德斯国王打的一个非常复杂的结。有个预言说谁能打开这个结，谁就是亚洲的下

一个国王，亚历山大听到了这个预言后用剑把这个结砍开了；〈希神〉戈耳迪之结，难题

Medusa

The Gorgon who was killed by Perseus.

美杜莎被柏修斯所杀的蛇发女怪,(希神中）长有蛇发令人恐怖的女妖

Dionysos

Ancient Greek festivals held seasonally， chiefly at Athens， in honor of Dionysus， especially

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those held in the fall and connected with the development of early Greek drama。

酒神节：古希腊主要在雅典举行的季节性节日，以纪念戴奥尼索斯。尤其是秋季举行，并同早期希腊戏剧发

展有关；（酒神)狄厄尼索斯

Dionysus

The god of wine and of an orgiastic religion celebrating the power and fertility of nature

戴奥尼索斯酒神和宗教狂欢庆祝大自然权力与丰产之神；[希神］狄俄尼索斯（酒神， 即罗马神话中的Bacchus)

Bacchus

【罗神】酒神巴克斯(=Dionysus【希神】狄俄尼索斯), 酒；

a son of Bacchus大酒鬼

Erinyes

［复]n。［希神]厄里倪厄斯(或译依理逆司，三个复仇女神的总称).

The Furies 厄里倪厄斯复仇三女神的总称

Furies

复仇女神

【希神】“土地”和“黑暗”的三个女儿, 以清算罪恶为职责， 被描绘成庄严、美丽的女郎， Fury 为其

中之一

Heracles (Hercules）:

n.大力英雄， 力士， 武仙座

Hercules

The son of Zeus and Alcmene， a hero of extraordinary strength who won immortality by performing

12 labors demanded by Hera。

赫拉克勒斯：宙斯与阿尔克墨涅之子，力大无比的英雄，因完成赫拉要求的十二项任务而获得永生

Alcmene

Amphitryon’s wife， who gave birth to Hercules after being seduced by Zeus

阿尔克墨涅：安菲特律翁之妻,被宙斯诱奸后生下赫勒克里斯；

[希神］阿尔克墨涅（Amphitryon之妻)

【希、罗神】赫尔克里斯， 大力神(主神宙斯之子, 力大无比的英雄)

Amphitryon

A king of Thebes and the husband of Alcmene

安菲特律翁：底比斯国王，阿尔克墨涅的丈夫;n.东道主

Titan

One of a family of giants, the children of Uranus and Gaea， who sought to rule heaven and were

overthrown and supplanted by the family of Zeus.

泰坦：一个巨人家族的一位成员，这个家族是乌拉诺斯和盖亚的子女，他们试图统治天国，但被宙斯家族推

翻并取代;泰坦 (传说曾统治世界的巨人族的一成员)；[希神］提坦, 太阳神, 巨人

Uranus

【希腊神话】The earliest supreme god， a personification of the sky， who was the son and consort

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of Gaea and the father of the Cyclopes and Titans.

优利纳斯神：最早的至上的神,是天的化身,是大地女神的儿子和配偶，是希克罗比斯和泰坦们的父亲

Gaea

The goddess of the earth, who bore and married Uranus and became the mother of the Titans and the

Cyclopes盖亚：大地女神，并嫁给了天神乌拉诺斯，成为泰坦和独眼巨人库克罗普斯的母亲；

Cyclops

Any of the three one—eyed Titans who forged thunderbolts for Zeus

泰坦神：为宙斯制造雷电的三个独眼泰坦神之一

Any of a race of one—eyed giants, reputedly descended from these Titans， inhabiting the island

of Sicily.

独眼巨人：独眼巨人家族的任何一个，据说从这些泰坦传下来，居住在西西里岛

（Pl.—pes， Cyclopses)【希神】独眼巨人; [喻]独眼人(畸胎)

Helios

The sun god， son of Hyperion， depicted as driving his chariot across the sky from east to west

daily.

赫利俄斯：太阳神,许珀里翁之子,相传每日驾四马战车自东至西驰过天空；【希神】赫利俄斯(太阳神)

Hyperion

A Titan, the son of Gaea and Uranus and the father of Helios

许珀里翁:一个叫泰坦的巨人,是大地女神和天王之子,是太阳神之父；[希神］亥伯龙神

Helen

【希神】美女海伦：为斯巴达王 Menelaus 的王后， 因她被 Paris 拐去而引起 Troy 战争

美女的说哦.不过现在美国的《Troy》里的helen 不好看

Hephaestus

The god of fire and metalworking

赫菲斯托斯：火和锻冶之神；【希神】赫斐斯塔斯（火和锻冶之神）

Hebe

The goddess of youth and spring, cupbearer to the Olympian gods

赫柏：春天和青春女神，奥林匹亚诸神中的斟酒女神

【希神】青春女神（在奥林匹斯山替众神斟酒的女神）;女侍应员， 酒吧间的女招待

hermaphrodite n。［医]具有两性者， 阴阳人， 两性体;adj。雌雄同体的

Hera

The sister and wife of Zeus

赫拉:宙斯的姐姐和妻子;宙斯神的妻（赫拉）

Hermes

The god of commerce， invention， cunning， and theft， who also served as messenger, scribe，

and herald for the other gods

赫尔墨斯：商业、发明、灵巧之神，盗贼的保护神，也是众神的信使、书吏及报信者

【希神】赫耳墨斯：为众神传信并掌管商业、道路、科学、发明、口才、幸运等的神

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Hestia

The goddess of the hearth， daughter of Cronus and Rhea

赫斯：提女灶神,克罗诺斯与瑞亚之女

［希神］赫斯提（女灶神，罗马神话中称为Vesta）

Hygiea

[天]健神星

Hygeia

The goddess of health

健康女神:司健康之女神；【希神】司健康的女神

hygiene n。卫生， 卫生学；hygienic adj。卫生学的, 卫生的

Iphigenia

The daughter of Clytemnestra and Agamemnon， who was offered as a sacrifice by Agamemnon but rescued

by Artemis； She later became a priestess.

依菲琴尼亚：克吕泰墨斯特拉和阿加门农的女儿，被阿加门农献作祭品但被阿尔特弥斯所救。她后来成了一

名女祭司；[希神] Agamemnon之女， 险被其父供神而牺牲

Io

A maiden who was loved by Zeus and transformed by Hera into a heifer

艾奥：宙斯所爱的少女，被赫拉变成丁小母牛；【希神】爱莪（宙斯的情人, 后为Hera 施法变为母牛)

Janus

The god of gates and doorways， depicted with two faces looking in opposite directions.

杰纳斯：古罗马门神，被描绘为有分别朝向相反方的两个面孔

【罗神】坚纽斯门神(掌管门户出入与水陆交通)；两面神

Jupiter

The supreme god， patron of the Roman state and brother and husband of Juno

朱庇特：统治诸神主宰一切的主神,古罗马的保护神，朱诺的弟弟和丈夫；

【罗神】（主神)朱庇特

Juno

【罗神】朱诺(主神朱庇特的妻子， 司婚姻、生 育和妇女之神， 相当于希腊神话中的赫拉）;高贵庄严的

妇人

希腊神话12主神

（1）宙斯(zeus）：

（2）天后赫拉(Hera)：

（3）海神波塞冬（Poseidon）：

（4)冥王哈帝斯（hades)：

(5)灶神赫斯提亚（Hestia）:

（6)战神阿瑞斯（Ares)：

(7）智慧女神雅典娜（Athene）：

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（8)神使(偷窥之神)赫耳墨斯(Hermes)：

(9）火神赫淮斯托斯（Hephaestus)：

（10）太阳神阿波罗(Apollo)：

(11）爱与美之神阿佛洛狄忒Aphrodite）:

（12)月亮女神阿耳忒弥斯（Artemis）：

Appendix 4. Complementary Reading Passage 补

充阅读材料

PASSAGE 1 The Planets

The planets in our solar system can be broadly classified into two groups: the terrestrial planets

(those that are similar to Earth) and the Jovian

planets (those that are similar to Jupiter)。 Mercury， Venus, Earth， and Mars are the terrestrial

planets; these planets exhibit similar characteristics to Earth in terms of size， mass， density，

composition， and atmosphere; these are the planets that are closest to the Sun and are smaller

rocky planets with thin atmospheres。 The Jovian planets—Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and

Neptune—differ markedly from the terrestrial planets; they are considerably farther from the Sun

than are the terrestrial planets， and they are giant balls of gases and liquids。 The asteroid

belt between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter divides the Jovian planets from the terrestrial planets。

Only Pluto (which is the most recently discovered planet， the planet that is farther away from

the Sun than the terrestrial planets and the Jovian planets， and the planet that is therefore

the most challenging to study) does not really fit into either group of planets.

The terrestrial planets are clearly distinguished from the Jovian planets in terms of size and

mass. Earth is the largest of the terrestrial planets, with a diameter slightly larger than the

diameter of Venus and much larger than the diameter of either Mercury or Mars, while the Jovian

planets are all much larger than Earth, with diameters ranging from four to 11 times that of Earth。

In addition， Earth has the most mass of all the terrestrial planets， with slightly more mass

than Venus and considerably more mass than Mercury or Mars; the mass of each of the Jovian planets

is considerably more than that of Earth, ranging from masses around 15 times that of Earth for

Uranus and Neptune to slightly less than 100 times the mass of Earth or Saturn and more than 300

times the mass of Earth for Jupiter. Another difference is that the terrestrial planets are much

denser than the Jovian ones because the terrestrial planets are mainly rocks and metals， while

the Jovian planets are mainly gases with perhaps a small amount of rocky material. Finally， the

atmospheres of the terrestrial and Jovian planets present another distinct contrast。 Mercury

essentially has no atmosphere， while Venus and Mars have atmospheres that consist mostly of carbon

dioxide， and Earth has a unique atmosphere that is rich in oxygen and nitrogen。 The Jovian planets

have very different atmospheres， mostly hydrogen and helium and various hydrogen compounds。

Areas where the differences between the terrestrial and Jovian planets are not so clear-cut are

in terms of rotation and magnetic field. All of the planets rotate, and in general they rotate

in the same way： their respective axes of rotation are basically perpendicular to their orbital

planes， and the planets rotate from west to east as they revolve around the Sun. There are

exceptions， however: Venus and Uranus rotate from east to west， which is called retrograde rotation,

and the rotation axis of Uranus lies almost in the plane of its orbit, which basically means that

it is rolling on its side as it orbits the Sun。 The Jovian planets rotate at higher speeds than

do the territorial planets， although the distinction between the two types of planets is not so

clear in this respect. The Jovian planets Jupiter and Saturn complete rotations in approximately

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ten hours， which is considerably faster than the 59—day rotation period of Mercury or the 243—day

rotation period of Venus but not so much faster than the approximately 24-hour rotation periods

of Earth and Mars。 There are also not clear distinctions between Jovian and terrestrial planets

in terms of magnetic fields. Earth has a magnetic field, and so do many of the other planets。

The magnetic fields on Jupiter and Saturn are at least as strong as the magnetic field on Earth

（they could be stronger)， yet Venus has no magnetic field。

And what about Pluto？ Pluto does not fit in with either of these broad categories of planets.

It lies out beyond the Jovian planets， yet it is less than half the size and mass of the smallest

terrestrial planet， Mercury, and it is more like a terrestrial planet than a Jovian planet in

terms of rotation， with a six-day rotation。 Its density is greater than that of the Jovian planets

but less than that of the terrestrial planets, and its atmosphere is unlike the atmospheres of

any of the other planets in that it is composed predominantly of methane。

PASSAGE 2 THE ORBITS

Up to now we've been discussing the planets in our solar system， and today we'll be talking about

the orbits of the planets around our Sun， particularly the orbit of the planet Pluto， which of

all the planets is the most unusual。 The eight inner planets, Mercury， Venus， Earth, Mars，

Jupiter, Saturn， Uranus， and Neptune, all have rather circular orbits. Their orbits are concentric

circles, one inside the other. The orbit of Pluto， in contrast， is rather elliptical, which means

that it is longer and narrower than the orbits of the other planets。

Let’s talk a little bit more about the orbits of Neptune and Pluto。 As I just said, Neptune

takes a rounder path around the Sun, and Pluto takes a longer and narrower path around the Sun。

Something unusual happens because Pluto has a much longer and narrower orbit than Neptune does:

The orbit of Pluto sometimes moves inside of the orbit of Neptune, which would make Pluto the eighth

planet from the Sun and Neptune the ninth planet from the Sun。 This happens every 248 years and

lasts for about 20 years。 It was in 1979 that the orbit of Pluto moved inside the orbit of Neptune,

and it stayed inside Neptune's orbit for 20 years and then moved outside Neptune’s orbit in 1999.

Pluto's orbit won't move inside Neptune's orbit again for several centuries。

Astronomers aren't certain why the orbit of Pluto is so different from the orbits of the other

planets。 One theory to explain why Pluto's orbit is so different is that perhaps Pluto isn't really

a planet。 Pluto is a small solid chunk, and this is quite different from the other outer planets,

which are large and gaseous. According to this theory, Pluto may have been one of Neptune's moons

rather than a planet orbiting around the Sun. As one of Neptune’s moons， Pluto would have been

in orbit around Neptune rather than around the Sun, but then it somehow escaped Neptune’s

gravitational pull and moved into a rather unusual elliptical orbit around the Sun。

Passage 3 What I Have Lived For

Three passions, simple but overwhelmingly strong， have governed my life： the longing for love，

the search for knowledge， and unbearable pity for the suffering of mankind。 These passions, like

great winds， have blown me hither and thither， in a wayward course， over a deep ocean of anguish,

reaching to the very verge of despair.

I have sought love， first， because it brings ecstasy——-ecstasy so great that I would often

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have sacrificed all the rest of my life for a few hours for this joy. I have sought it, next，

because it relieves loneliness--—that terrible loneliness in which one shivering consciousness

looks over the rim of the world into the cold unfathomable lifeless abyss。 I have sought it, finally，

because in the union of love I have seen， in a mystic miniature, the prefiguring vision of the

heaven that saints and poets have imagined。 This is what I sought, and though it might seem too

good for human life， this is what--—at last—--I have found。

With equal passion I have sought knowledge。 I have wished to understand the hearts of men. I have

wished to know why the stars shine. And I have tried to apprehend the Pythagorean power by which

number holds sway above the flux。 A little of this, but not much， I have achieved。

Love and knowledge, so far as they were possible, led upward toward the heavens. But always it

brought me back to earth. Echoes of cries of pain reverberate in my heart。 Children in famine,

victims tortured by oppressors， helpless old people a hated burden to their sons， and the whole

world of loneliness, poverty， and pain make a mockery of what human life should be. I long to

alleviate the evil， but I cannot， and I too suffer.

This has been my life。 I have found it worth living， and would gladly live it again if the chance

were offered me。

PASSAGE 4 To be or not to be

Outside the Bible, these six words are the most famous in all the literature of the world。 They

were spoken by Hamlet when he was thinking aloud, and they are the most famous words in Shakespeare

because Hamlet was speaking not only for himself but also for every thinking man and woman。 To

be or not to be， to live or not to live, to live richly and abundantly and eagerly, or to live

dully and meanly and scarcely。 A philosopher once wanted to know whether he was alive or not，

which is a good question for everyone to put to himself occasionally。 He answered it by saying: ”I

think, therefore am。"

But the best definition of existence ever saw did another philosopher who said： ”To be is to

be in relations。” If this true, then the more relations a living thing has， the more it is alive。

To live abundantly means simply to increase the range and intensity of our relations. Unfortunately

we are so constituted that we get to love our routine. But apart from our regular occupation how

much are we alive？ If you are interest—ed only in your regular occupation, you are alive only

to that extent。 So far as other things are concerned——poetry and prose， music， pictures，

sports， unselfish friendships， politics, international affairs——you are dead。

Contrariwise， it is true that every time you acquire a new interest—-even more, a new

accomplishment——you increase your power of life。 No one who is deeply interested in a large

variety of subjects can remain unhappy； the real pessimist is the person who has lost interest。

Bacon said that a man dies as often as he loses a friend. But we gain new life by contacts, new

friends。 What is supremely true of living objects is only less true of ideas， which are also

alive。 Where your thoughts are, there will your live be also。 If your thoughts are confined only

to your business， only to your physical welfare, only to the narrow circle of the town in which

you live， then you live in a narrow cir—conscribed life。 But if you are interested in what is

going on in China, then you are living in China～ if you’re interested in the characters of a

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good novel, then you are living with those highly interesting people, if you listen intently to

fine music, you are away from your immediate surroundings and living in a world of passion and

imagination.

To be or not to be--to live intensely and richly, merely to exist， that depends on ourselves。

Let widen and intensify our relations。 While we live, let live!

PASSAGE 5 Human Life a Poem

I think that, from a biological standpoint， human life almost reads like a poem。 It has its own

rhythm and beat， its internal cycles of growth and decay. It begins with innocent childhood，

followed by awkward adolescence trying awkwardly to adapt itself to mature society, with its young

passions and follies， its ideals and ambitions; then it reaches a manhood of intense activities,

profiting from experience and learning more about society and human nature; at middle age， there

is a slight easing of tension, a mellowing of character like the ripening of fruit or the mellowing

of good wine, and the gradual acquiring of a more tolerant， more cynical and at the same time

a kindlier view of life; then In the sunset of our life， the endocrine glands decrease their activity,

and if we have a true philosophy of old age and have ordered our life pattern according to it，

it is for us the age of peace and security and leisure and contentment； finally, life flickers

out and one goes into eternal sleep， never to wake up again。

One should be able to sense the beauty of this rhythm of life, to appreciate， as we do in grand

symphonies, its main theme, its strains of conflict and the final resolution。 The movements of

these cycles are very much the same in a normal life， but the music must be provided by the individual

himself. In some souls, the discordant note becomes harsher and harsher and finally overwhelms

or submerges the main melody. Sometimes the discordant note gains so much power that the music

can no longer go on, and the individual shoots himself with a pistol or jump into a river. But

that is because his original leitmotif has been hopelessly over-showed through the lack of a good

self-education。 Otherwise the normal human life runs to its normal end in kind of dignified movement

and procession。 There are sometimes in many of us too many staccatos or impetuosos， and because

the tempo is wrong， the music is not pleasing to the ear; we might have more of the grand rhythm

and majestic tempo o the Ganges, flowing slowly and eternally into the sea.

No one can say that life with childhood， manhood and old age is not a beautiful arrangement；

the day has its morning, noon and sunset， and the year has its seasons， and it is good that it

is so. There is no good or bad in life， except what is good according to its own season. And if

we take this biological view of life and try to live according to the seasons, no one but a conceited

fool or an impossible idealist can deny that human life can be lived like a poem。 Shakespeare

has expressed this idea more graphically in his passage about the seven stages of life, and a good

many Chinese writers have said about the same thing。 It is curious that Shakespeare was never

very religious, or very much concerned with religion. I think this was his greatness; he took human

life largely as it was， and intruded himself as little upon the general scheme of things as he

did upon the characters of his plays. Shakespeare was like Nature itself， and that is the greatest

compliment we can pay to a writer or thinker。 He merely lived, observed life and went away.

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