跨文化交际复习

ronic time M Time ：It schedules one event at a time. In these cultures time is

perceived as a linear structure just like a ribbon stretching from the past into the

future.

ronic time P Time ：schedules several activities at the same time. In these culture

people emphasize the involvement of people more than schedules. They do not see

appointments as ironclad commitments and often break them.

3. intercultural communication ：is a face-to-face communication between people

from different cultural backgrounds

4. host culture is the mainstream culture of anyone particular country.

5. minority culture is the cultural groups that are smaller in numerical terms in relation

to the host culture.

6. subculture is a smaller, possibly nonconformist, subgroup within the host culture.

7. multiculturalism is the official recognition of a country’s cultural and ethnic diversity.

8. cross-cultural communication is a face-to-face communication between reprentatives

of business,government and professional groups from different cultures.

9. high-context culture ：a culture in which meaning is not necessarily contained in

words. Information is provided through gestures, the use of space, and even silence.

10. low-context culture ：a culture in which the majority of the information is vested in

the explicit code.

11. perception: in its simplest sense,perception is ,as Marshall singer tells us,”the process

by which an individual selects, evaluates,and organizes stimuli from the external

world” In other words, perception is an internal process whereby we convert the

physical energies of the world into meaningful internal experiences.

Non-verbal communication

It refers to communication through a whole variety of different types f signal come into

play, including the way we more, the gestures we employ, the posture we adopt, the facial

expression we wear, the direction of our gaze, to the extent to which we touch and the

distance we stand from each other.

. Individualism

Individualism refers to the doctrine that the interests of the individual are or ought to be

paramount, and that all values, right, and duties originate in individuals. It emphasizes

individual initiative, independence,individual expression, and even privacy.

13. Paralanguage

The set of nonphonemic properties of speech, such as speaking tempo, vocal pitch, and

intonational contours, that can be used to communicate attitudes or other shades of

meaning.

12. 人际交际interpersonal communication: a small number of individuals who are interacting

exclusively with one another and who therefore have the ability to adapt their messages

specifically for those others and to obtain immediate interpretaions from them.指少数人之间的交

往他们既能根据对方调整自己的信息,又能立即从对方那里获得解释;

13. 内文化交际intracultural communication is defined as communication between and among

members of the same culture .指同一文化内某成员之间的交际,总的来说,同一种族,政治倾向

宗教,或者具有同样兴趣的人们之间的交际;

跨民族交际interthnic communication ：refers to communication between people of the same

race ,but different ethnic backgrounds . 指同一种族,不同民族背景的人们之间的交际;

14. 跨种族交际interracial communication:occurs when the sender and the receiver exchanging

messages are from different races that pertain to different physical characteristics.指信息源和信

息来自不同的种族,种族具有不同的身体特征;

跨地区交际interregional communication:refers to the exchange of messages between members of

the dominant culture within a country.指一个国家内主流文化成员之间的信息交换过程

Context场景

The final component of communication is context. Generally, context can be defined as the

environment in which the communication takes place and which helps define the communication.

All communication has seven components: the source, encoding, the message, the channel, the

receiver, decoding, feedback.

The Inferential Model of communication four presumptions: linguistic presumption, communicative

presumption, presumption of literalness, conversational presumptions.

Conversational presumptions five aspects：

1relevance：the speaker’s remarks are relevant to the conversation

2sincerity: the speaker is being sincere

3truthfulness: the speaker is attempting to say sth true

4quantity: the speaker contributes the appropriate amount of information

5quality:the speaker has adequate evidence for what she or he says.

The Message Model cannot account for:

1disambiguation 2 underdetermination of reference3 underdetermination of communicative intent

4nonliterality 5indirection 6 non communicative acts.

Six characteristics of culture directly affect communication:

1learned

2 transmitted from generation to g

3 based on symbols 4 subject to change 5 integrated 6Ethnocentric

The primary characteristics of communication include:

1 no direct mind-to-mind contact

2 we can only infer

3 communication is symbolic

4 time-binding links us together

5 we seek to define the world

6 communication has consequence

7 communication is dynamic

8 communication is contextual

9 communication is self reflective

Functions of nonverbal communication

Nonverbal communication has its own unique functions in interpersonal communication. We will sum

up some of the important ways of nonverbal communication in regulating human interaction.

Repeating Complementing Substituting Regulating

Six important communication functions:

1 indicate degrees of attentiveness, interest, and arousal

2 influence attitude change and persuasion

3 regulate interaction 4 communication emotions

5 define power and status relationships

6 and assume a central role in impression management

culture ：what the behavior and customs mean to the people who are following them

An shared artifactthe material and spiritual products people produce

shared Behaviorwhat they do

shared Conceptsbeliefs, values, world views……what they think

Culture means:

a The , , and that a particular or .

beliefs, , and material objects that constitute a people's way of life.

5. What are the tour characteristics of culture Dynamic/ shared/ learned/ ethnocentric

Culture is shared. All communications take place by means of symbols.

Culture is learned. Culture is learned, not inherited. It derives from one’s social environment, not

from one’s genes. Enculturation文化习得: All the activities of learning one’s culture are called

enculturation .

Culture is dynamic. P6Culture is subject to change. It’s dynamic rather than static, constantly

changing and evolving under the impact of events and through contact with other cultures.

Acculturation文化适应: the process which adopts the changes brought about by another culture and

develops an increased similarity between the two cultures.

Culture is ethnographic文化中心主义. Ethnographic is the belief that your own cultural background

is superior. Ethnocentrism: the belief that your own culture background is superior.

6. What are the six characteristics of communication

Dynamic/ irreversible/ symbolic/ systematic/ transactional/ contextual

Communication is dynamic.

Communication is ongoing, ever-changing activity. A word or action does not stay frozen when

you communicate; it is immediately replaced with yet another word or action.

Communication is irreversible.

Once we have said something and someone else has received and decoded the message, the original

sender cannot take it back.

Communication is symbolic.

Symbols are central to the communication process because they represent the shared meanings that

are communicated. Symbols are vehicle by which the thoughts and ideas of one person can be

communicated to another person.

Communication is systematic

Communication does not occur in isolation or in a vacuum, but rather is part of a large system. It

takes place in a physical and a social context; both establish the rules that govern the interaction.

Communication is transactional. P8

A transactional view holds that communicators are simultaneously sending and receiving messages

at every instant that they are involved in conversation.

Communication is contextual. P8

All communication takes place within a setting or situation called a context. By context, we mean

the place where people meet, the social purpose for being together, and the nature of the relationship.

Thus the context includes the physical, social, and interpersonal settings.

Studying Intercultural Communication Three main obstacles:

• Culture lacks a distinct crystalline structure; it is often riddled with contradictions and

paradoxes.

• Culture cannot be manipulated or held in check; therefore, it is difficult to conduct

certain kinds of research on this topic.

we study other cultures from the perspective of our own culture, so our observations and our

conclusions are tainted by our orientation

Barriers to Intercultural Communication

Anxiety

Assuming similarity instead of difference

Ethnocentrism

Stereotypes & prejudice

Nonverbal bahaviours

Language

The Whorf hypothesis

Language shapes thought patterns

Linguistic determinism:

Languages determine nonlinguistic cognitive

processes. That is, learning a language changes the

way a person thinks.

Linguistic relativity:

The resulting cognitive processes vary from

language to language. Thus, speakers of different

languages are said to think in different ways